Wednesday, October 20, 2010

As much as possible out of dependence on HttpContext



In ASP.NET, the natural enemies of unit testing is HttpContext, which is the core of ASP.NET, extremely complex, but can not be Mock1 - shows that Microsoft can write such a huge ASP.NET framework really is not so easy. Now the situation has improved a lot, so you can already use System.Web.Abstractions.dll, and this assembly provides an abstraction for the HttpContext, which is HttpContextBase abstract class. Therefore, ASP.NET MVC, the various components are dependent on HttpContextBase not HttpContext. This is a good practice, since we can get rid of as much as possible of the HttpContext.
But this seems to be a paradox. While already on the HttpContext to Mock (This enhanced testability), but over-reliance on HttpContext for unit testing is also an injury. This is due to HttpContext object nature: it is too complicated. You should have noticed, this is a pet in a set of thousands of objects, from request, response, application, cache ... ... contains a Web application, almost all the information needed. If you want to test a method depends on the HttpContext, you are bound to the Mock HttpContext object for the filling all kinds of information - depending on the complexity of business may be. Moreover, Mock concern is "behavior" that is concerned about the things that used to do a "path." Then if one thing can be done using multiple paths, how will the need to prepare before the test all the paths, and verify that the code being tested, "adopted and used only one path," therefore, Stub slowly coming into line of sight. Stub concern is the "state" ... ... This is another topic, but also involves the use of Record & Replay or Arrange-Act-Assert way to unit test, put aside.

Speaking prior to unit test the view, Old Zhao has been talked about in the view should only use the data ViewData. This is not the first time talking about giving up HttpContext, and since has "abstract" is a powerful weapon, the all "disharmony" factor can be isolated. Just in the MVP mode, View and Presenter are used to interact with their abstract, all Web controls, HttpContext and other objects are gone, we have eyes only for "data" and "model." Similarly, in the ASP.NET MVC in Action approach, should not use the HttpContext, which is based on the good "can test" of the consideration. You may want to, now HttpContextBase object already Mock the ah. Yes, it certainly "can", but doing so will cause the expansion of the unit test code because the test code in a considerable part of the test data must be concerned about the preparation, instead of being tested for functionality. Action for a method, it should be of concern to the user interaction with business logic, rather than "how to HTTP requests into usable data." End of the day, or to "separation of concerns."

In the ASP.NET MVC responsible for "transforming the data" level for the Model Binder. On this point, the existing "sample" most concerned about the Form or QueryString in the data into Action parameters, but where in fact available Model Binder more. For example, in "best practice" code, the original AccountController the Delete method implementation is as follows:

public ActionResult Delete (string userName)
(
this.MiddleTier.UserManager.Delete (userName);

Uri urlReferrer = this.Request.UrlReferrer;
return this.Redirect (urlReferrer.ToString ());
)


After the removal of the specified object, the page will jump to the Url Referrer address. In the above code, this value will be obtained by visiting Request.UrlReferer to. This makes your Action methods and HttpContext produced dependency unit test code so it will need to write this:

[TestMethod]
public void DeleteTest ()
(
string userName = "jeffz";
Uri urlReferrer = new Uri ("http://www.microsoft.com");

var mockHttpContext = new Mock ();
mockHttpContext.Setup (c => c.Request.UrlReferrer). Returns (urlReferrer);

var mockController = this.GetMockController ();
mockController.Setup (c => c.MiddleTier.UserManager.Delete (userName)). Verifiable ();
mockController.Object.ControllerContext = new ControllerContext (
mockHttpContext.Object, new RouteData (), mockController.Object);

mockController.Object.Delete (userName) ...
)


In the unit test code, we had a HttpContextBase Mock object, it's Request.UrlReferrer property returns the object we are ready, and then construct a new ControllerContext and to the Controller. And if we UrlReferrer Delete method can be used as the parameter, then the unit test code is at once much simpler:

[TestMethod ()]
public void DeleteTest ()
(
string userName = "jeffz";
Uri urlReferrer = new Uri ("http://www.microsoft.com");

var mockController = this.GetMockController ();
mockController.Setup (c => c.MiddleTier.UserManager.Delete (userName)). Verifiable ();

mockController.Object.Delete (userName, urlReferrer) ...
)


Some people may ask, not that the properties from the Request for UrlReferrer value you why we construct a ControllerContext, you can not directly set the Controller object such as so much simpler:

mockController.Setup (c => c.Request.UrlReferrer). Returns (urlReferrer);

Seems feasible, but you will find the time to run, the framework will throw an exception, that only members of the interface, or you can override the members can be Mock. Yes, Controller's Request property is not virtual and can not override. Controller class so the design is intentional, the purpose is to limit the available paths. Imagine, if you Mock the Controller.Request property, but by Controller.HttpContext.Request visit code, how to do it well on the way similar to the practice of overloading design.



In general, all of which are several ways to delegate to them the only way, and only that method can be override the. In preparing this test, we have only identified Mock entrance to avoid the test code to understand methods to achieve over the issue.

Back to the topic. If you want the Delete method of access urlReferrer by the parameters, then we have to prepare Model Binder-related components:

public class UrlReferrerModelBinder: IModelBinder
(
public object BindModel (
ControllerContext controllerContext,
ModelBindingContext bindingContext)
(
return controllerContext.HttpContext.Request.UrlReferrer;
))


And it can be directly applied to the parameters of the Action:

public class UrlReferrerAttribute: CustomModelBinderAttribute
(
private static UrlReferrerModelBinder s_modelBinder =
new UrlReferrerModelBinder ();

public override IModelBinder GetBinder ()
(
return s_modelBinder;
)
)


Consequently, we have the Delete method can be written as:

public ActionResult Delete (string userName, Uri urlReferrer)
(
this.MiddleTier.UserManager.Delete (userName);
return this.Redirect (urlReferrer.ToString ());
)


Today's code, whether the application or the framework of the library, must consider "testability"







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Tuesday, October 5, 2010

Alliance with the merger as


Two years ago, is busy will Renke Na into the capsule in the Oracle broke the news going on between Microsoft and SAP merger talks, which succeeded the media focus shifted to the competitors from their own office. And is an anti-Microsoft merger rumors in the past, "no comment" attitude, formal recognition of the SAP had indeed made in the late 2003 merger intentions, and in subsequent months, the two sides explored the possibility of merger. However, when they found that the merger is too complicated, they abandoned the merger.

Microsoft said the two sides do not intend to re-start of the merger, but the contact was to deepen the mutual understanding between Microsoft and SAP. In fact, the two companies found in the communication process, with the merger, as an alliance, it can also achieve the desired results. Therefore, further deepening cooperation between the two sides.

Duet born

SAP with Microsoft intent beyond the industry expected. Once the merger of two companies, the world software industry structure will be radically changed. But later, a time when Oracle acquired PeopleSoft antitrust trial, in a voice of anti-monopoly, the two companies had no further negotiations on the merger. But no thought of Microsoft Chairman Bill? Gates and SAP CEO Henning Kagermann or come together.

Then in May 2004 of the SAP annual "Sapphire User Conference," Kagermann announced that intention only, but also unexpectedly in his speech during the broadcast a video - which, Bill? Gates describes in detail Microsoft and SAP deep in the field of integrated product line. Just a year later, in Copenhagen 2005 user conference, SAP and Microsoft also announced that it will set the two sides jointly develop and market two new software functions into one product. This is considered the two companies to the latest major achievement, competition, aimed against the Oracle, of course, IBM.

May 11, 2006, SAP and Microsoft first announced in June the two sides will begin a two-year time sale conceived crystal - Duet (Chinese paraphrase: duet), one for Microsoft Office and SAP ERP software. According to a press release jointly issued by both sides as described, Duet allows information workers to use their familiar Microsoft Office environment to access selected SAP business processes and data. Users can use this method more flexible access to SAP applications to help companies use Duet save time and money, improve on the process of compliance, assist in decision-making.

Now, every day millions of information workers use Microsoft Office system work and collaboration. However, most of them also have the use of business processes and information in order to work smoothly. As established in the enterprise business processes and accurate information to the communication link between the lack of a unified, easy to produce irrational decision-making, a breach of company policies. Help in the Duet, companies can provide users with a familiar environment - this environment, rapid deployment, no special training - thus promoting enterprise systems and business processes in the 鏅強 users.

Who is who account for less

For this cooperation, Bertelsmann (China) Jiang Wei Direct Group IT director, said the cooperation between the two terms is undoubtedly beneficial for the users, and for co-operation would be a win-win situation in terms of both sides. He affirmed that the pre-SAP is beneficial to some, after all, Office of the user base is immeasurable, but later on the impact of Microsoft's MBS may be greater. Jiang Wei's view with the SAP product and technology group president, executive director Shai (Shai Agassi) coincidentally, Shai is also being honest with SAP, the potential financial help much. "SAP customers in almost all of the majority of Office, but directly with the SAP application users less."

Farmer Spring Co., Ltd. Hu Jian, director of information products is also considered the introduction of more help Duet SAP applications through Microsoft to seize the small market share. He said that SAP may be aimed at existing customers selling Duet, but with the Office and SAP software to enhance integration, may allow SAP and Microsoft Dynamics ERP sector intensified competition for customers. "This is not necessarily a good thing for Microsoft Dynamics department. Duet Dynamics will reduce the amount of the SAP user base."

In response, Microsoft Business Division President Jeff Raikes also behave more "generous", Raikes acknowledged Microsoft and SAP compete in certain areas do, but Microsoft will firmly support the Duet plan. "We are different companies, competition in several areas, but both sides can do is to build effective partnerships. This is an ambitious plan."

SAP CEO Henning Kagermann has also repeatedly stressed the external: "Our strategy is to open software, to attract small business development in the SAP platform." Today, SAP is actively absorbed third-party developers to write add-ons for the SAP software, 150 wife and children business success, while 350 are certified.

Since late 2005, SAP and Microsoft's nearly 100 joint customers and partners (including Atmel and Infosys) has been the experience of the advantages of earlier versions of the software. In addition, SAP and Microsoft also announced a number of projects, and hopes that these plans this year to improve the performance of Duet, and the second half of 2006 other related business program.

Common opponents

Ever since Microsoft officially involved in the rule of SAP enterprise applications software market once, SAP will be many occasions considered the future of Microsoft's biggest competitor, but the global enterprise as the first and third largest independent software supplier jointly between , is simply directed at their common rival - the world's second largest independent software company Oracle provider.

Oracle is among opponents by a combined vertical and horizontal isolation.

In addition, SAP has also strengthened cooperation with IBM to strengthen its business management software, configuration, maintenance and availability, improve software performance. In turn, users can also provide the platform for SAP on IBM's database under the automatic configuration. This is the first IBM software vendors for specific applications simplify the database. It is believed that the users in the SAP, 60% (about 44,000 firms) using Oracle database, and co-operation with SAP will help IBM to vie with Oracle customers. Coincidentally, this cooperation also took place in a time when Oracle acquired PeopleSoft.

Oracle, SAP can be described as heavyweight rivals. According to "Business Week" disclosure, SAP has 26,000 global enterprise customers with a complete product line, SAP in enterprise applications software market is almost equal to the money market "gold standard." Goldman Sachs predicts that four key enterprise application software provider of software license revenues, SAP's share has grown to 70% last year. Oracle (including PeopleSoft) share dropped from 30% to 20%. The SAP's major league, so that business applications software industry, technical direction backward side of unfavorable Oracle. Select Microsoft Office, undoubtedly, has spared no effort to promote Java, Oracle pressure; choose IBM, is also proud to make Oracle's database business challenge. SAP and Microsoft's co-operation far beyond the total amount of Microsoft Business Solutions total revenue, with IBM's cooperative business volume has exceeded the value of IBM middleware.

Today, SAP is in a honeymoon period and Microsoft has made preparation to introduce customers to their newborn Duet, but the future is unpredictable variables, especially for large enterprise applications UNIX users have yet to be tested. Shai naturally saw this, he said Duet would support the 2007 release of Microsoft Office, and the next version of MySAP ERP. The application process will be through a XML user interface language (called "XAML") to integrate.

Even so, the honeymoon period of the two sides can come another period of warm love to jointly promote the Duet, need time to test.






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Wednesday, September 29, 2010

Depth Review: Robin Li and Baidu Growing Pains


Lot of criticism in a short time; a support who have been users of the Internet companies, many in a short time attack. Robin Li, Baidu, which is now the exposure environment. 1 year and 1 year after the image of the two great changes both in the overnight. What of those infected with what they chigger? Logically speaking, one after the Nasdaq listing standards stricter test of the industry the company should be a model. Baidu careful study, in addition to the lofty stock price is attractive to the industry and its practices so that there are too many incomprehensible between. Perhaps Baidu sprint speed is too fast, so fast that not even have time to reflect. However, without a review, but the company is facing many crises, how can it do long-distance running has been pretty down to earth manner? Beat is also a giant. Well, Baidu What exactly is a business? Baidu in the end the question why concentrated outbreak in a short time? Robin Li, Baidu continues to Xiaoying world can bring? ... ... Placed in a range of issues head Baidu need careful inquiry of the Chinese Internet sector.

I do not know by chance or deliberately by the. In Wang Yan, Charles Zhang and Ding Lei other three iconic figures of China's Internet at the same time absence, Robin Li became China Internet Conference 2006 on the star character.

September 21, 2006, Beijing International Convention Center, guests gathered in the annual China Internet Conference being held here. China's three major portals (Sina, Sohu and Netease) the CEO for the first time the absence of the General Assembly at the same time.

In the Internet conference, and the day before the meeting, the Council of the China Internet Society meeting, Robin Li had serious coat off, suddenly become pro and up. He not only makes an appearance, but also the trouble in the General Assembly podium participants willing to do an admirer of the photo "props." Face image of the changes to the Robin Li, there was a look of surprise participating media colleagues said: "I've never seen him in public so active, he did not encounter any wedding it!"

In fact, Robin Li did just experienced something to celebrate: the day after the vice president of the China Internet Association, co-opted the meeting, all Council members voted unanimously agreed to add his unit as vice president. He is the only addition of the vice president of the General Assembly.

After all, only a happy event, but at this time encountered trouble Baidu is a connected one, and the issues were not resolved. Robin Li, Baidu was elected vice president does not give a "joyous." Therefore, the scene is evident to see that the General Assembly, even though Robin Li and show your face relaxed, his heart troubles are also ready to come out - Baidu connection with the recent Rehuoshangshen: From July 10 layoffs were condemned lightning start, Baidu the meeting misfortune to another, and labor arbitration lost, big fight with Sohu bickering, the policy has changed channels, provoked outrage, advertisers Dumen protest, and SAN FRANCISCO struggle between right and wrong, and even former employees were killed in the company is also the case turned out by the industry.

In reality, children grow up to 6 years of age is bound to undergo bone development of growing pains. Baidu company is also the age of 6 years of age, should it fall into another "youth troubles."



Chapter Baidu over favored

"Baidu about a problem" - which many Chinese people have become familiar advertisements.

Technical genius Robin Li, with the persistent pursuit and unremitting efforts, smart operation, only six years of effort to put up the Nasdaq market, the first China concept stocks - Baidu. It is not only today's Nasdaq shares of China stocks in the highest one, even for Baidu's market share of 62.1% ranked as China's Internet search market dominance.

But when the third party look at Baidu's time, it was found that their success in addition to their own efforts, luck is also a great blessing.

However, the well-known fact is: fortune does not always bless anyone. And search is only a tool for finding information, it is not all information processing, more non-Internet is all about. Therefore, the search at this stage sought after by some, there may be another hot stage.

Unexpected success

Robin Li, male, born in Yangquan, Shanxi 1968.

In 1987, the 19-year-old Robin Li luggage back to Beijing to study at this time, he does not expect to actually have the opportunity to study abroad; start when Lee returned, he is also very difficult to guess that they can have today.

Christmas 1999, Robin Li carries 1.2 million U.S. dollars set foot on the return journey of entrepreneurship. Prior to that he used the opportunity to return each year wandering around and see what high-tech companies are doing, what the research universities, the people of the computer doing. Until 1999, the National Day, we started printing business cards on e-mail address, and the street was wearing a printed ". Com" T-shirts, he concluded that the Internet in China mature, can be a great environment. The Robin Li's money personal book about it - even in 2023 less than a penny earned, but also to ensure the whole family can live a normal life - time to quit business.

March 2000, no child no red balloon red silk, and no one remember clearly whether the listed company. In such circumstances, Baidu in the Beijing Zhongguancun resources near the hotel 1414,1417 (two house numbers are not very lucky) in two rooms opened. At that time, Robin Li, Baidu management to set the initial two disciplines: no smoking, pets are not allowed.

Baidu early, in addition to financial, treasury, administrative and technical personnel are all outside, Robin Li and other colleagues also offering Sales, full-time technical staff is only 5.

At the time, not what people expect Baidu. May 2000, they found its first customer - eNet (eNet). Robin Li was pleased to quickly organized a very big conscious news conference. To a question and answer time, Robin Li waited full of hope to answer questions, but no reporters raised their hands to ask questions. We do not know Robin Li and Baidu in the end can do.

After the Spring Festival of 2002, Baidu has won 80% of the market share, Robin Li, or with a worried frown, because companies do not make money. He realized that business is sure there is a problem. Reference to the United States has been concerned with the industry experience of Overture, Robin Li proposed transfer of force direction, do your own website, and the introduction of PPC.

Baidu's transition to persuade the Nasdaq investors, they believe Robin Li will be successful. The evening of 5 August 2005, Beijing time 11:40, Baidu formally listed on the NASDAQ in the United States. To close the first day of trading, Baidu shares to 122.54 U.S. dollars, up 3.958 billion U.S. dollars market value, the stock rose to a frenzied 353.85%.

Even so, no one claims that Baidu is a great company. Indeed, Baidu's success so unexpected, and with Robin Li's words, "Baidu's performance of the world's surprise." It also made his own surprise.

Fortunately Baidu

With the rapid development of Internet, the information to explode, the search has subsequently become a life essential users basic applications, is under this background, the search engines become the new darling of the Internet. Baidu to search for the main industry in its lucky every time.

Knowledgeable persons in view, the search engine is not new. In 2005, a search conference, search technology, celebrity week Anchor in his speech said: search for what? That in the past about the search.

Search, is in the vast ocean of information to find the necessary information and means of a technique, it began to do research mainly in the service of scholars to write papers. 80s in the last century has been the theme when searching full-text search, etc. Many research outcomes.

With the invention and development of the Internet, it significantly broadens the search purposes, for public use as an everyday tool. Also, the amount of information the Internet is no longer limited to academia and its coverage, it becomes ubiquitous, huge, and at any time the content is also updated and growth cycle, tens of billions pages of information and everything in tens of millions of websites in the world, not the content of continuing to collect (in the industry known as "spider crawl") technology, an effective method to judge the content of the value, classification and indexing tools while serving tens of millions of users simultaneous access to the platform, Internet searches service out of the question.

It is in this case, the search engine has been developed rapidly and created many miracles. Internationally, from the last century since the mid-90s, in addition to today has become a portal Yahoo and Microsoft's MSN, the market has seen Excite, Infoseek, AltaVista, Lycos and other search engines is technically very good provider. Last Google With strong R & D focus and strength all the way driving into the distance, listed only 10 months more than the wealth of the rich West Asia United Arab Emirates.

Baidu also is in this context to grow up, and foreign giants simply can not on its threat. Localization remains a U.S. company to enter the Chinese market bottlenecks, Google is also not spared, either Kai-fu Lee continuous personnel changes or the reinforcement of six experts, and now do not appear to play a role in reversing the weakness of their markets.

Not only that, Google's success in the Nasdaq also helped Baidu's busy. Week anchor to the "IT Times" said: very good luck Baidu, Baidu's story is very easy for U.S. investors to understand and be convinced, and the low cost of storytelling, Baidu, etc. So Google in China or Chinese language Internet content search replica of the Chinese Internet market is rising, the future will be more than the United States.




Chapter 100 disease-ridden

Nasdaq sweet champagne, but also intoxicating, investors hope that the money people want to wear the look uneasy, the young Baidu and its managers will inevitably face pressure to know what to do so. Even worse, because the sprint too fast, so stay down Baidu with no self-reflection of the time.

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銆??閲嶅帇涓嬬殑鐧惧害

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銆??涔嬪悗锛岄瞾鐏垫晱閫氱煡闇?绂昏亴鐨勫憳宸ワ細缁欏悇浣?涓皬鏃剁殑鏃堕棿鏉ュ姙鐞嗕氦鎺ユ墜缁紝灏嗙瑪璁版湰銆侀棬鍗$瓑鐗╁搧浜よ繕鍏徃锛屽苟绂诲紑鍏徃銆?鐐逛箣鍓嶅叕鍙稿皢鍏抽棴鐩稿叧ERP璐︽埛鍜岄偖浠剁郴缁熴?

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銆??鑷湪2001骞?鏈堜笂鏃紝鏂版氮鎺?捣涓浗浜掕仈缃戝叕鍙哥涓?尝澶ц鍛樹箣鍚庯紝瑁佸憳宸蹭负浜掕仈缃戜笟鐣岄檶鐢熴?鑰岀櫨搴︾殑鏈?柊琛ㄦ紨锛岄】鏃跺紩鍙戜笟鐣屽ぇ鍝椼?

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銆??鐧惧害涓婂競鍚庯紝璧勬湰甯傚満鐨勫帇鍔涘浜庢潕褰﹀畯鏉ヨ鍙樺緱鐜板疄鑰屼弗宄汇?灏界涓婂競鍏徃鏈韩骞朵笉鑳戒粠鑲′环涓婂崌涓幏寰楁敹鐩婏紝浣嗚偂浠峰崌闄嶅涓?釜鍏徃鐨勬暣浣撳舰璞″嵈鍙互閫犳垚鐩存帴褰卞搷锛屽洜姝わ紝濡備綍璁╄祫鏈競鍦虹湅鍒颁笟缁╁苟鎭㈠淇″績锛屽浣曞湪闀挎湡杩滄櫙鍜岀煭鏈熺泩鍒╀箣闂村彇寰楁洿濂界殑骞宠 锛岃繖鏄潕褰﹀畯闇?闈㈠鐨勫彟涓?釜鎸戞垬銆?br />
銆??鏈変笓瀹跺氨姝よ〃绀猴細姝f槸鍥犱负杩囧幓鍑犲勾鐧惧害缁忚惀鏀跺叆鏈夌潃鎺ヨ繎200%鐨勫闀匡紝鑲″競涓婃墠浼氭湁濡傛鈥滃杩光?銆傚敖绠$櫨搴﹁繎鏉ュ湪涓浗鐨勫競鍦轰笂绾风悍鏀樻敇璐熼潰娑堟伅浼楀锛屼絾杩滃湪缇庡浗鐨勬姇璧勪汉骞舵棤鎰熷彈銆備粬浠彧鏄墽鐫?湴锛屾垨璁告槸鍗曠函鍦扮湅浣犵殑鎶ヨ〃鍜屾暟瀛楋紝鎵?互锛岀櫨搴︾殑鑲′环闄や簡鍏跺叕甯冧笂涓?鐨勫鎶ヤ箣鏃ユ湁涓?釜涓嬫粦锛岃繖涓や釜鏈堣繕鏄竴璺?楂樻瓕鐚涜繘鈥濓紝鍙堟定鍥炰簡90澶氱編鍏冪殑浠蜂綅锛岃?鎶曡祫鑰呬滑琚箣鍓嶇殑涓氱哗璋冭捣鐨勮儍鍙o紝鑷劧鏄湡寰呯潃浣犱笅涓?銆佷笅涓?勾鏈夌潃鍚屾牱鐨勮〃鐜帮紝鍘嬪姏鍙兂鑰岀煡銆?br />
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銆??鐧惧害鐨勭鐞嗗洟闃燂紝闄や簡鍒涘浜烘潕褰﹀畯澶栵紝CEO鏈辨椽娉簬2002骞村姞鍏ョ櫨搴︼紝涔嬪墠鏇惧湪鐢ㄥ弸鍋氳繃闆嗗洟鍓?瑁侊紱CFO鐜嬫箾鐢燂紝2004骞?鏈堝姞鍏ョ櫨搴︼紝涔嬪墠鍏舵渶杈夌厡鐨勮亴涓氱粡鍘嗕篃灏辨槸鏅崕姘搁亾鍥介檯璧勬湰甯傚満閮ㄧ殑鍚堜紮浜猴紱CTO鍒樺缓鍥?000骞村垵鍔犵洘鐧惧害涔嬪墠涓?洿鍦ㄥ仛瀛﹂棶锛屽仛鎼滅储鎶?湳鐮斿彂鐨勶紱甯傚満鍓?瑁佹鍐?005骞村垵鍑轰换鐧惧害鍏徃鍓?瑁併?

銆??浠庝汉鍛樻灦鏋勪笂鐪嬪苟涓嶇己灏戜粈涔堬紝鍙技涔庢病鏈変竴涓汉鏇剧粡鍦ㄦ暟鍗冧汉鐨勫ぇ鍏徃骞茶繃绠$悊鐨勶紝鍞竴鍙互鐚滄祴鏈夊ぇ鍥㈤槦绠$悊缁忛獙鐨勪篃灏辨槸鏈辨椽娉簡銆傚彲鍦?990骞翠唬鐨勭敤鍙嬶紝鍙堣兘甯姪浠栫Н绱灏戞瑙勫叕鍙哥殑绠$悊缁忛獙锛?br />
銆??鈥滈棯鐢佃鍛樷?浜嬩欢褰诲簳鏆撮湶浜嗚繖涓洟闃熺鐞嗚兘鍔涖?浜嬪疄涓婏紝浜轰滑瀵光?闂數瑁佸憳鈥濈殑鏅亶璁よ瘑鏄細鐧惧害瑁佸憳鏈韩骞朵笉濂囨?锛屽鐞嗘柟寮忓嵈寰堢畝鍗曪紝鑰屽悗鐨勫叕鍏冲弽搴旀洿鏄湁闂锛岀櫨搴EO鏈辨椽娉㈠湪鈥滆鍛橀?鎶ヤ細鈥濊В閲婃娆¤鍛樹簨浠讹紝鍘熷洜鍦ㄤ簬鈥滆繖閮ㄥ垎涓氬姟鐨勬垚闀挎?涓嶅濂解?锛岃?鐧惧害鐨勫畼鏂硅娉曞垯鏄?涓?寰堟甯哥殑鎴樼暐鏀剁缉鈥濄?

銆??鐩澒姝や妇锛屼竴浣嶅墠鐧惧害鍏徃鍛樺伐濡傛鍛婅瘔鏈垔璁拌?锛氣?涓?細鍎緾FO鍑洪潰瑙i噴锛屼竴浼氬効鍙堟槸浜哄姏璧勬簮鐨勮礋璐d汉鍙傚姞缃戜笂璁哄潧銆傚畼鏂圭殑瑙i噴璇嚭澶氶棬锛屽埌鍚庢潵鍙堣矗鎬粬浜衡?婊ョ敤濯掍綋鍏櫒鈥欙紝骞舵姳鎬ㄢ?涓嶇悊鏅虹殑绂昏亴鍛樺伐瀵圭櫨搴︿激瀹冲緢澶р?銆傝繖涓?郴鍒楁帾鏂戒娇寰楁湰鏉ヤ竴浠跺苟涓嶅鏉傜殑浜嬫儏锛屽嵈鎺?捣浜嗕竴鍦鸿僵鐒跺ぇ娉紝杩勪粖閮戒笉鑳藉畬鍏ㄥ钩鎭紝瀵圭櫨搴﹂?鎴愪簡鏋佸ぇ褰卞搷銆傗?

銆??鍦ㄢ?闂數瑁佸憳鈥濅簨浠朵箣鍓嶏紝鐧惧害鐨勭鐞嗘紡娲炲凡鏄鍊垵鐜帮紝鍗存湭鑳藉強鏃跺紩鍙戠櫨搴﹂珮灞傜殑璀﹁銆傝繖鏄竴璧疯鐧惧害鎴愬姛鈥滄寜浣忊?涓?鏃堕棿鐨勬鎯呫?2鏈?7鏃ュ锛岀櫨搴﹀コ鍛樺伐钀嶈悕锛堝皬鍚嶏級鍔犵彮鏈綊锛屽湪鍏徃18灞備細璁鐣欏銆傛鏃ュ噷鏅?鐐瑰锛屽叕鍙镐繚瀹夌帇鏌愬埛鍗¢?杩囬棬绂佹剰娆插鍏跺疄鏂藉己*锛屼笉鎴愬悗灏嗚悕钀嶆潃姝汇?

銆??鐩村埌8鏈?2鏃ワ紝鐧惧害鎵嶆寮忓杩欒捣妗堜欢缁欏嚭鍥炲銆傜劧鑰岋紝鍦ㄤ繚鎸佸崐骞寸殑缂勯粯鏈熼棿锛岀櫨搴︿粎瀵硅瀹冲憳宸ュ仛浜嗏?閫傚綋鎶氭仱鈥濓紝濮嬬粓鏈嬁鍑烘湁鍏充抚钁垂銆佽鎶氬吇浜虹敓娲昏垂鍜屾浜¤禂鍋块噾绛夊悗浜嬩簨瀹滅殑澶勭悊鏂规銆?br />
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銆??绁镐笉鍗曡锛屸?闂數瑁佸憳鈥濅簨浠跺皻鏈鐞嗗畬姣曪紝鐧惧害鍙堥櫡鍏ヤ笌澶╂瀬缃戠殑璇夎鏃嬫丁涔嬩腑銆?br />
銆??9鏈?8鏃ワ紝閴翠簬鐧惧害灏嗗ぉ鏋佺綉鈥滃ぉ鏋佷笅杞解?閾炬帴鎸囧悜涓庤嚜韬叧鑱旂綉绔欙紝澶╂瀬缃戣捣璇夌櫨搴﹀苟绱㈣禂3涓囧厓銆傚弽杩囨潵锛岀櫨搴︿笉浠呭湪鏁翠欢浜嬫儏涓婃寚璐eぉ鏋佲?鐐掍綔鈥濓紝涓嶇洿闈㈠洖搴旀悳绱笅杞界粨鏋滅殑閾炬帴闂锛岃?鏄湪9鏈?7鏃ワ紝浠ラ珮浜庡ぉ鏋佽捣璇夋爣鍗佸叚涓冨?鐨勬爣鐨勶紙50涓囧厓锛夊弽璇夊ぉ鏋佺綉涓嶆褰撶珵浜夈?

銆??杩欎笌鍓嶆鐧惧害闈㈠璐ㄧ枒鍏堕棯鐢佃鍛樼殑鍋氭硶鏃讹紝涓嶇洿闈㈢浉鍏抽棶棰橈紝鍙嶄笌鎼滅嫄鍏徃澶ф墦鍙f按浠楃殑澶勭悊鎵嬫硶濡傚嚭涓?緳銆傜湅浼煎湪杞Щ澶т紬瑙嗙嚎锛屽弽鑰屼娇寰楃綉涓婂ぇ浼楀鐧惧害鍋氭硶鐨勮礋闈㈣瘎浠蜂笉鏂?

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銆??姊佸啲鐨勨?涓洪毦鈥?br />
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銆??涓?綅鐭ユ儏鈥滅寧澶粹?鍚戙?IT鏃朵唬鍛ㄥ垔銆嬮?闇诧紝2004骞寸櫨搴︽浘缁忓鎵樹粬瀵绘壘甯傚満鍓?銆備絾鍚庢潵锛屾潕褰﹀畯閫夋嫨浜嗗墠鍑ゅ嚢鍗鐨勨?鍚嶅槾鈥濇鍐?鍧婇棿瑙傚療浜哄+鎸囧嚭锛屾鍐负鐧惧害鍒涙剰鐨勨?I鈥濆瓧骞垮憡杩樻槸寰堟湁鍛抽亾鐨勩?浼拌姊佸啲鑷韩鐨勮烦妲戒篃涓虹櫨搴﹀甫鏉ヤ簡涓嶅皯鏄庢槦鐨勭溂鐞冩晥搴斻?鍙瀵间竴涓編鍥戒笂甯傚叕鍙哥殑甯傚満锛屽氨鏈変簺闅句负浠栦簡銆?br />
銆??鎼滅储缃戠珯鐩墠鐨勭泩鍒╂ā寮忎富瑕佹槸鍚勭鍚勬牱鐨勫箍鍛婏紝鐪嬭捣鏉ヤ技濯掍綋锛屼絾瀹冩瘯绔熻繕娑夊強寰堝鐨勪俊鎭鐞嗘妧鏈?鑰屾鍐互鍓嶉暱鏈熺疆韬簰鑱旂綉鍦堝锛屾寚鏈涗粬鍦ㄧ煭鏈熷唴瀹屽叏铻嶅叆鎼滅储鎶?湳鍦堝唴锛岃繖瀵逛粬鏄竴涓?涓洪毦鈥濓紱鍏舵锛屾鍐師鏉ュ仛鐢佃濯掍綋涓绘寔浜猴紝涔犳儻浜嗗鐫?暅澶翠竴瀵瑰鍦板崟鍚戜紶鎾?鐜板湪鏄仛棰嗗锛屽仛棰嗗鐨勭涓?熀鏈姛鏄矡閫氾紝杩欎笉浠呮槸鎸囩櫨搴﹀叕鍙稿唴閮ㄧ殑娌熼?锛屾洿瑕佹搮闀垮澶栨矡閫氥?鑰屼綔涓轰紒涓氫唬瑷?汉锛屾鍐簲璇ュ湪娌熼?涓洿澶氭槸鑱嗗惉澶栫晫鐨勫0闊炽?浣嗕粬鏄剧劧鍦ㄨ繖鏂归潰涔熷仛寰椾笉澶熴?鏈夊獟浣撳悓琛屽憡璇夋湰鍒婅鑰咃紝浠栧湪涓?涓庢鎬荤殑闀挎椂闂存矡閫氫腑锛岃寰楀鐨勬槸瀵规柟鑰屼笉鏄嚜宸便?鐪嬫潵鑱嗗惉宸ヤ綔瀵逛粬鏄張涓?釜鈥滀负闅锯?銆?br />
銆??杩戞湡鐧惧害鍦ㄦ墍娑夊強鐨勪竴绯诲垪鈥滈娉⑩?涓殑琚姩灞?潰锛屽叕鍏充綔鐢ㄦ湭鑳藉緱鍒颁綋鐜帮紝浣胯垎璁哄眰闈㈢殑澶辨帶鏄樉鑰屾槗瑙侊紝姊佸啲棣栧綋鍏跺啿鍙楀埌浜嗗鐣屾寚璐c?

銆??闈㈠绠$悊涓婇潰鍑虹幇鐨勯棶棰橈紝鏉庡溅瀹忓凡缁忔剰璇嗗埌浜嗭紝骞跺仛鍑轰簡涓?簺浜轰簨璋冩暣锛岃繖鍖呮嫭鎶婃鍐粠甯傚満鍏叧鍓?瑁佽皟鏁翠负鍏徃鍒涙剰鍓?瑁併?鎹?IT鏃朵唬鍛ㄥ垔銆嬫帉鎻$殑鐧惧害鍐呴儴閭欢鏄剧ず锛屽湪鑷村叕鍙稿叏浣撳憳宸ョ殑閭欢涓紝鏉庡溅瀹忓凡缁忔剰璇嗗埌鍏叧闂鍑哥幇鐧惧害鐨勬垚闀跨殑鐑︽伡锛屼粬璁や负杩欎簺闂灏ゅ叾鏄惧嚭鏂囧寲浠峰?寤鸿鐨勫繀瑕佹?銆備粬杩樺悓鏃舵寚鍑衡?姊佸啲鍦ㄦ枃鍖栧強濯掍綋鐮旂┒鏂归潰鐨勭粡楠屽彲鍗忓姪鐧惧害鐨勬枃鍖栧缓璁锯?銆?br />
銆??鍙︽湁娑堟伅浼犳潵锛?鏈堝簳锛岀櫨搴︽?鐩戠骇浠ヤ笂鍛樺伐鍙紑浜?澶╃殑闂棬浼氳锛屽氨杩戞湡鎺ヨ繛鍑轰簨灞曞紑鑷垜鎵硅瘎鍜岃嚜鎴戞璁紝澶у涓?嚧璁や负鐧惧害鍦ㄨ嫢骞查鍩熼兘鏈夊法澶х殑闇?鏀硅繘鐨勫湴鏂癸紝骞舵杩庡獟浣撶洃鐫c?

銆??浜$緤琛ョ墷鏈负鏅氾紝浣嗙櫨搴︾殑杩欎簺涓炬帾浼间箮閮芥槸琚姩搴斾粯鈥斺?鐧惧害宸茬粡涓烘浠樺嚭浜嗕笉灏戠殑浠d环锛岃嫢娌℃湁瀵圭鐞嗕綋绯诲拰鏋舵瀯鐨勫弽鎬濆拰鏀瑰杽锛岃繖涓璐规亹鎬曡繕寰楃户缁氦涓嬪幓銆?br />
銆??姝ゅ锛岀櫨搴︾殑瀹樺徃涓嶆柇璁╀汉涓嶇鎯宠捣涓変簲骞村墠涓ゅぇ闂ㄦ埛缃戞柊娴拰鎼滅嫄涔熸槸瀹樺徃涓嶆柇銆備粖澶╋紝铏界劧涓氱晫鐨勪簤鍚典竴鍒讳篃娌″仠杩囷紝浣嗘秹鍙婁粬浠殑瀹樺徃鏄矞鏈夊惉鍒般?鎵撹繃缁忔祹瀹樺徃鐨勪汉閮界煡閬擄紝涓嶇鏈?悗璋佽緭璋佽耽锛屽鍗婄殑缁撴灉閮芥槸涓よ触淇变激銆傚喌涓旓紝娑夊強浜掕仈缃戞妧鏈拰鐭ヨ瘑浜ф潈锛屽晢涓氱珵浜夌瓑鏂归潰鐨勫畼鍙革紝鐢变簬娉曞緥鏈韩閮芥槸鍦ㄥ彂灞曞畬鍠勪腑锛屽緢闅炬湁涓?釜绠?崟鍑嗙‘锛屼娇寰楀弻鏂归兘蹇冩偊璇氭湇鐨勫垽鍐崇粨鏋溿?鑰岀儲鎭肩殑澧炲姞鏄繀鐒剁殑銆傜櫨搴︽鍦ㄩ噸澶嶇潃鍥藉唴浜掕仈缃戝墠杈堜滑鎴愰暱鐨勫磶宀栭亾璺簲璇ヤ笉鏄阀鍚堬紝鐧惧害璇夊ぉ鏋佺綉娑堟伅浼犲嚭鐨勫綋澶╋紝鐧惧害鍦ㄧ編鍥界撼鏂揪鍏嬪競鍦虹殑鑲′环灏变笅璺屼簡1.37缇庡厓銆?br />



銆??绗笁绔?鐧惧害褰撴璁?br />
銆??2006骞?鏈?4鏃ョ櫨搴﹀彂甯冧簡鎴嚦6鏈?0鏃ョ殑2005骞寸浜屽搴︽湭缁忓璁¤储鎶ワ紝鎶ュ憡鏄剧ず锛岀櫨搴︾浜屽搴︽?钀ユ敹涓轰汉姘戝竵6970涓囧厓锛屽悓姣斿闀?88.6%;鍑?埄娑︿负浜烘皯甯?210涓囧厓锛屽悓姣斿闀?25.5%銆?br />
銆??鐧惧害杩樺湪蹇┈鍔犻灜鍦板墠杩涳紝浣嗘槸瀹冭禆浠ョ敓瀛樼殑骞垮憡甯傚満鑳藉惁缁х画缁存寔鍏跺姝ら珮閫熺殑澧為暱锛屽凡缁忔垚涓轰竴涓笉寰椾笉鑰冭檻鐨勯棶棰樸?姝ゅ鐧惧害鍦ㄤ腑鏂囨悳绱㈠競鍦轰笂杩戜箮鍨勬柇鐨勫湴浣嶅強鍏跺甯傚満鐨勮繃搴﹀紑閲囦篃璁╂暣涓涓氭暣浣撳彈鎹熴?

銆??璐槧鐨勭敓瀛樺湡澹?br />
銆??鏉庡溅瀹忔竻閱掑湴鎰忚瘑鍒帮紝涓浗甯傚満杩樺緢涓嶆垚鐔燂紝寰堝急灏忥紝鍙伆鎭板湪杩欐牱涓?釜骞煎皬鐨勫競鍦轰笂锛岀櫨搴﹁繖浣嶄腑鏂囨悳绱㈢殑闇镐富锛屽苟娌℃湁鍦ㄥ煿鑲插競鍦轰笂涓嬪姛澶?鐪嬬湅鐧惧害涓婁竴浜涚儹闂ㄥ叧閿瓧鐨勬悳绱㈢粨鏋滃氨鏄庣櫧姝よ█涓嶈櫄銆?br />
銆??骞虫澘鐢佃鈥斺?鍙湁5涓粯璐圭殑鎺ㄥ箍绔炰环瀹㈡埛锛屽崰鍙敭骞垮憡浣嶇殑50%銆傚箍鍛婁富鏄疶CL銆丩G銆佹澗涓嬨?绱㈠凹銆傚熀鏈笂鏄湪鍋氫釜鍒浉鍏充骇鍝佺殑鍝佺墝瀹d紶锛岃?鏇寸洿鎺ユ帴杩戞秷璐硅?鐨勬笭閬撻浂鍞晢鍥界編銆佽嫃瀹佺瓑鏃犱竴鍙備笌銆?br />
銆??鎶よ偆鐢ㄥ搧鈥斺?鍙湁鍗婃暟鐨勫箍鍛婁綅琚敭鍑猴紝鑰屽崰鎹繖浜涗綅缃殑灏芥暟鏄崜瓒娿?eBay銆侀樋閲屽反宸淬?娣樺疂杩欑被浜掕仈缃戝叕鍙革紝琛屼笟鈥滅粺娌烩?鑰咃紝濡傚疂娲併?灞堣嚕姘忋?寮虹敓绛夊潎鏈湪鍏跺垪銆?br />
銆??鍐扮鈥斺?鍙崠鍑轰簡涓変釜绔炰环浣嶃?

銆??杞胯溅鈥斺?杩欎釜搴旇鏄箍鍛婃姇鏀炬渶澶х殑鍟嗗搧/鍝佺墝涔嬩竴锛屼篃鍙湁鍒厠銆佹矁灏旀矁鍜屾爣蹇椾笁涓搧鐗屽巶瀹惰喘涔颁簡绔炰环浣嶏紝鏇村鐨勬苯杞﹀搧鐗屼笉瑙佽釜褰便?

銆??MP3鎾斁鍣ㄢ?鈥斿湪鍗栧嚭鍘荤殑4涓箍鍛婁綅涓棦鐪嬩笉鍒扮埍鍥借?銆佺航鏇肩瓑鍥藉唴鍚嶇墝锛屼篃涓嶈涓夋槦銆佽嫻鏋滅瓑涓栫晫鍚嶇墝浠ュ強瀹冧滑鐨勫垎閿?晢锛岃?鏄喘鐗╃綉绔欏眳澶氥?

銆??杩欑粍鏁版嵁浠庝晶闈㈠弽鏄犲嚭锛氬湪鍥藉唴浼犵粺浼佷笟骞舵病鏈夋妸鎼滅储褰撲綔鍏跺競鍦轰紶鎾殑涓昏鎵嬫锛屽綋鍓嶇綉姘戠殑璐拱鍔涘拰褰卞搷鍔涢兘杩樹笉瓒充互鍚稿紩閭d簺骞垮憡涓诲姏鍐涘湪缃戠粶鎼滅储涓婂仛澶х殑鎶曞叆銆?br />
銆??鎼滅储骞垮憡甯傚満鏄剧劧杩橀渶瑕佹洿澶氬湴鍩硅偛锛屽彧鏈夋湁璧栦互鐢熷瓨鐨勫叕鍙告墠鍙互鏈夐暱涔呭彂灞曠殑鍔ㄥ姏锛屼絾鏄技涔庣櫨搴﹀苟娌℃湁鎶婄簿鍔涙斁鍦ㄨ繖閲屻?

銆??浠栦滑鐨勭爺绌剁劍鐐瑰畬鍏ㄦ斁鍦ㄤ簡瀵圭幇鏈変笂缃戜汉缇ょ殑鍙戞帢鍜岄攣瀹氾紝鏇村寮鸿皟鐨勬槸鎼滅储骞垮憡妯″紡锛屼笌浼犵粺骞垮憡鐨勬瘮杈冧紭鍔匡紝渚嬪锛氬涔堢簿鍑嗭紝澶氫箞鐩存帴锛屽涔堥珮鏁堬紝澶氫箞寤変环銆?br />
銆??2006骞翠簰鑱旂綉澶т細涓婃湵娲尝璁插埌锛歱agetargeting銆乻itetargeting銆乤ffiliatetargeting銆傝繖涓紨璁蹭笉鍙皳涓嶄笓涓氾紝浣嗕粬鍛婅瘔澶у鐨勬槸鎼滅储骞垮憡鏈夊灏戠锛屽涔堢粡娴庨珮鏁堛?鍙槸锛屽鏋滅瀯鍑嗙殑瀹㈡埛閮戒笉鏄兘涓烘垜浠甫鏉ュぇ鐢熸剰鍜岄珮闄勫姞鍊肩殑澶у箍鍛婁富锛屽啀鍑嗙‘閮芥棤娴庝簬浜嬨?

銆??涓氬唴涓?煡鍚嶄汉澹氨姝ゆ寚鍑猴紝鈥滃綋浣犵偒鑰?埇鍦拌杩颁簡浣犻偅鍚捣鏉ユ柊棰栭珮娣辩殑鍚嶈瘝鍚庯紝浣犳病鏈夋兂涓?兂浣犵殑鐩爣骞垮憡涓诲惉寰楁噦鍚楋紵鈥?br />
銆??涓?綅鍦ㄦ煇鐭ュ悕浜掕仈缃戞湇鍔℃彁渚涘晢宸ヤ綔鐨勪笟鍐呬汉澹寚鍑猴紝浠栦滑鐨勪笟鍔″緢渚濊禆浜掕仈缃戠殑骞垮憡鎺ㄥ箍锛屽寘鎷悳绱㈡帓鍚嶈繖绉嶅舰寮忥紝浣嗕负浜嗗疄鐜扮簿鍑嗗拰缁忔祹锛屽敖閲忛伩鍏嶆棤鏁堢偣鍑诲拰绔炰簤鐨勮?铏戯紝浠栦滑鐨勬姇鏀炬搷浣滈潪甯稿鏉傘?鍑犱箮瑕佷竴涓簰鑱旂綉鐨勪笓涓氫汉鍛橈紝姣忓ぉ瀹堝湪鎿嶄綔骞冲彴涓婄淮鎶ゆ暟鐧句釜鍏抽敭璇嶏紝璋冩暣绔炰环銆傚悓鏃讹紝涓轰簡鎼滅储鐨勬湁鏁堝拰鎺掍綅锛岀綉绔欐湰韬繕瑕佸仛澶ч噺鐨勪紭鍖栧伐浣滐紝鍙粬姣忔湀鍦ㄤ竴涓悳绱㈠紩鎿庣殑鎶曟斁涓嶈繃鍑犱竾鍏冦?杩欒閭d簺姣忓勾鎶曟斁鍗冧竾绾э紝鐢氳嚦涓婁嚎瑙勬ā鐨勪紶缁熻涓氬ぇ骞垮憡涓讳滑寰堥毦浠嬪叆銆?br />
銆??鐜板疄鐨勬儏鍐垫槸锛屼紶缁熺殑澶у箍鍛婁富骞舵病鏈夎鐧惧害璇存湇銆?br />
銆??鍒涙柊杩樻槸妯′豢

銆??7鏈?3鏃ワ紝灏卞湪闂數瑁佸憳鐨勫悓鏃讹紝鐧惧害鍦ㄥ寳浜浗闄呬細璁腑蹇冨彫寮?簡鈥滅櫨搴︿笘鐣屸?灞曠ず浼氥?涓婂崈浜烘湡鏈涚湅鍒扮櫨搴︿笂甯備竴骞村悗甯︽潵鎯婂枩銆?br />
銆??鏍规嵁鏃堕棿琛紝浼氳璁▼搴旇鏄?鐐瑰紑濮嬶紝12鐐?5鍒嗙粨鏉燂紝鎺ㄨ繜寮?浜嗗樊涓嶅30鍒嗛挓涓嶈锛屼笉鍒?2鐐瑰氨缁撴潫浜嗐?浼氫笂闄や簡鍑犱釜璇锋潵鐨勫槈瀹撅紝灏辨槸鍑犱箮鎵?湁鐧惧害楂樼鐨勮嚜鎴戜粙缁嶇殑濂楄瘽銆傚ソ涓嶅鏄撶浖鏉ュ彂甯冧竴涓柊浜у搧鈥滅櫨搴︾┖闂粹?锛岀湅璧锋潵涔熷嵈鍍忓涔燤SN鐨勨?绌洪棿鈥濄?

銆??钁楀悕浜掕仈缃戝垎鏋愪汉澹獽eso瀵规姣棤闅愯鍦拌锛氱櫨搴︾┖闂存槸涓?釜妯′豢鐨勪骇鍝併?

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銆??Google浠ユ悳绱㈣捣瀹讹紝瀹冧互姝や负鍑哄彂鐐逛竴鐩村湪涓嶆柇鍒涙柊锛岀爺鍙戞柊鐨勬湇鍔′骇鍝佸拰椤圭洰銆傜幇鍦℅oogle鐨勪笟鍔″凡缁忔秹鍙婂崼鏄熸悳绱?鍗虫椂閫氳銆佺綉缁滀氦鍙嬨?缃戠粶鏃ヨ绛変簰鑱旂綉鐨勫悇涓柊棰嗗煙銆?004骞?鏈?鏃ワ紝Google鎮勭劧鎺ㄥ嚭浜?GB鐨勮秴澶mail閭锛屼竴鍛ㄥ勾涔嬪悗锛孏oogle鍙堢獊鐒跺皢Gmail鎵╁鑷?GB锛屽洜姝mail鎺ㄥ箍鐨勯?搴︾浉褰撳揩锛涙澶朑oogle妗岄潰鎼滅储宸茬粡瑁呭埌浜嗕笂鍗冧竾鐢ㄦ埛鐨勭數鑴戜笂锛涜储缁忛閬撳涓婂競鍏徃鑲″競琛ㄧ幇鍙婂叾鐩稿叧璧勮鐨勮仛闆嗗拰灞曠ず宸茬粡璁╅儴鍒嗙敤鎴蜂笉鍐嶄娇鐢ㄩ泤铏庣殑鐩稿簲鏈嶅姟锛涙鍦ㄨ瘯鐢ㄧ殑GoogleEarth鏇存槸璁╀汉鐖变笉閲婃墜銆侴oogle鍙戝睍鐨勫拕鍜勯?浜猴紝鐢氳嚦璁╁井杞潗绔嬩笉瀹夛紝灏嗗叾瀹氫綅涓鸿嚜宸辨渶澶х殑绔炰簤瀵规墜銆?br />
銆??铏界劧鍦ㄤ腑鍥藉競鍦虹殑鐩墠琛ㄧ幇杩樺緢璁╀汉鎰熷埌鎰忓锛屼絾鏄病鏈夎皝鑳藉鎬?枒Google鐨勫疄鍔涘拰鏈潵銆傚叾澶т腑鍗庡尯鑱斿悎鎬昏涔嬩竴鐨勫懆闊跺畞鍦ㄤ簰鑱旂綉澶т細鐨勫彂瑷?拰璁胯皥涓О锛氭垜浠湪涔庡競鍦轰唤棰濓紝鏇村湪涔庣敤鎴蜂綋楠岋紝涓浗鐨勮矾杩樺緢闀匡紝鍙戝睍浠呭湪鍒濇湡銆傚嚑涔庢槸鍚屾椂锛屽叾鍏ㄧ悆鍓?瑁併?涓浗鍖烘?瑁佹潕寮?鍦ㄥ箍宸炲憡璇夈?IT鏃朵唬鍛ㄥ垔銆嬶細鈥滄悳绱笉鏄疓oogle鐨勪娇鍛斤紝鎴戜滑涔熶笉浼氬拰绔炰簤瀵规墜鍘讳簤鎶㈠競鍦轰唤棰濄?鈥濆湪鏉庡紑澶嶇湅鏉ワ紝Google鐨勪娇鍛芥槸鈥滄暣鍚堝叏鐞冧俊鎭紝璁╀汉浜哄彲鐢紝浜轰汉鍙楃泭鈥濄?

銆??鐨勭‘锛屽鏋滅櫨搴︽病鏈夋柊鐨勭獊鐮达紝鍙湁鍗曚竴鐨勪腑鏂囨悳绱㈢泩鍒╂ā寮忥紝涓嶅幓寮?嫇甯傚満锛岀Н鏋佸垱鏂帮紝灏卞緢闅炬敮鎾戜紒涓氱殑蹇?鎸佺画鍙戝睍锛屾弧瓒虫姇璧勮?鐨勬敹鐩婇鏈熴?

銆??鍨勬柇璐诲鏃犵┓

銆??鎹瓹NNIC鍒氬垰鍙戝竷鐨勪腑鍥芥悳绱㈠競鍦虹粺璁″垎鏋愭姤鍛婄殑甯傚満浠介涓樉绀猴紝鍦ㄦ悳绱㈡柟闈㈢櫨搴﹀崰鎹簡缁濆鐨勯鍏堝湴浣嶃?鑰岃繖涔熸鏄櫨搴︾洰鍓嶉夯鐑︿笉鏂殑涓?釜涓昏鍘熷洜銆?br />
銆??灏界鐧惧害鐨勬悳绱㈠苟闈炲畬缇庢棤缂猴紝鍙畠姣曠珶鏄幇闃舵涓枃鎼滅储涓浉瀵规渶濂界殑锛屼腑鏂囧唴瀹瑰瓨閲忔渶澶х殑锛屾洿鏂伴?搴︽渶蹇殑銆傚啀鍔犱笂鏃犺鎼滅嫍銆佺埍闂繕鏄腑鎼滆櫧鐒跺紑濮嬫椂閮芥槸璞█涓囦笀锛屼絾杩勪粖涓烘涔熼兘娌℃湁瀵圭櫨搴︽瀯鎴愬疄璐ㄤ笂鐨勫▉鑳併?闆呰檸鍦ㄤ腑鍥藉競鍦轰笂鍙樻潵鍙樺幓锛孏oogle涓浗鐨勮剼璺熶技涔庝篃杩樺湪绔欑ǔ锛屼簬鏄櫨搴﹀湪涓枃鎼滅储甯傚満鐨勨?鍨勬柇鈥濆舰鎴愪簡銆?br />
銆??灏界涓浗甯傚満杩樻病鏈夋墦鍔ㄥぇ骞垮憡涓伙紝浣嗗緢澶氫腑灏忎紒涓氳繕鏄妸瀹冨綋浣滀竴涓浉瀵瑰粔浠风殑浼犳挱骞冲彴銆傜櫨搴︾殑鍨勬柇鏈夊彲鑳戒弗閲嶄激瀹宠繖涓涓氾紝浼ゅ鍒濊瘯杩欑鏈嶅姟鐨勭敤鎴凤紝鏈?粓涔熶激瀹崇櫨搴﹁嚜宸便?

銆??2006骞?鏈?鏃ワ紝鐧惧害鍏徃棣栨渚濇嵁姣忎釜鍏抽敭璇嶇殑鍟嗕笟浠峰?鑰岃皟鏁翠簡璧蜂环銆備互鍓嶄竴涓叧閿瘝鐨勮捣浠风粺涓?槸0.3鍏冿紝鍦ㄨ皟鏁翠箣鍚庯紝鏈夌殑鍏抽敭璇嶈捣浠疯揪鍒板嚑鍏冮挶銆傚彟鏈夐儴鍒嗗叧閿瘝鐨勪环鏍兼湁鎵?笅闄嶃?

銆??浣嗗垰濂藉湪鐧惧害鍋氬嚭浠锋牸璋冩暣鍓嶄笌鐧惧害浠ヨ捣浠?.3鍏冪殑浠锋牸绛捐浜嗙珵浠锋帓鍚嶅悎鍚岀殑寰嬪笀寮犳柊缁磋涓猴紝鐧惧害鐨勬搮鑷彁浠疯繚鍙嶄簡鍙屾柟鐨勫悎鍚岃瀹氾紝灞炰簬鐧惧害鍗曟柟闈㈣繚绾︼紝浜庢槸涓?焊璇夌姸灏嗙櫨搴﹀叕鍙歌瘔鑷虫捣娣?硶闄?

銆??鐧惧害鏂归潰缁欏嚭瑙i噴璇达紝鐧惧害宸茬粡鍦ㄥ疄鏂芥定浠蜂箣鍓嶇殑5鏈?9鏃ラ?鐭ヤ簡浠g悊鍟嗐?浣嗗紶鏂扮淮鍗磋涓猴紝鐧惧害鐨勬定浠疯涓轰笉鍗曟槸涓?鏅?鐨勪环鏍艰皟鏁达紝鑰屾槸宸茬粡鎺ㄧ炕浜嗗師鏉ョ殑绔炰环鎺掑悕娼滆鍒欍?鍥犱负鈥滀互鍓嶆槸瀹㈡埛閫氳繃绔炰簤鑷劧褰㈡垚绔炰环浠锋牸锛岀幇鍦ㄥ垯鍙樻垚浜嗙敱鐧惧害鎿嶇旱浠锋牸浜嗏?銆傝繖灏辨剰鍛崇潃锛岀珵浠风殑浠锋牸鍙湁涓婃定鑰屼笉浼氭湁鍥炶惤锛岀敤鎴蜂笉鍐嶈兘鑷富鍦版帶鍒跺叧閿瘝鐨勭敵鎶ヤ环鏍煎拰鎺掑悕浣嶆銆?br />
銆??鏈変笟鍐呬汉澹О锛屾湰鏉ョ珵浠锋帓鍚嶇殑娑堣垂宸茬粡鎸夌収鐐瑰嚮閲忚繘琛屼簡鏀惰垂锛屽悓鏃跺啀鏀跺彇涓撲笟鏈嶅姟璐瑰拰澧炲?鏈嶅姟璐癸紝宸插睘涓嶅悎鐞嗘敹璐癸紝鐜板湪鍙堝彇娑堜簡鏈?綆璧蜂环锛岀櫨搴︽槑鏄惧瓨鍦ㄥ簵澶ф瀹㈢殑琛屼负銆?br />
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銆??鎹涓猴紝姝f槸鐢变簬鍗犳嵁澶ч儴鍒嗘悳绱㈠競鍦猴紝鐧惧害鎵嶆暍蹇借鐢ㄦ埛鐨勬劅鍙楋紝鎭舵剰鐐瑰嚮娉涙互锛岀珵浠锋帓鍚嶇殑浠锋牸涓?定鍐嶆定锛涗篃鏄敱浜庢锛岀櫨搴︽墠鏁簬杞绘槗鍦版敼鍙樻笭閬撻攢鍞斂绛栵紝缃笌鍏跺叡鍚屾墦鎷煎彂灞曠殑閿?敭鍚堜綔浼欎即浜庝笉椤俱?鐢氳嚦鍑虹幇浜嗚繖绉嶆儏鍐碉紝褰撴湁浜鸿川鐤戠偣鍑绘楠楁椂锛岀櫨搴﹀洖搴旓細鐭ラ亾鏈夋楠椾綘杩樿喘涔般?鍏舵剰灏卞ソ鍍忓湪璇寸煡閬撴湁鐮傚瓙浣犲氨鍒悆鎴戠殑绫炽?骞垮憡鐢ㄦ埛铏界劧鎬ㄥ0杞介亾锛屽嵈鍙堣嫤浜庡皯鏈夋浛浠i?鎷╋紝姣曠珶鍚冩湁鐮傚瓙鐨勭背锛屼篃姣旀病鏈夌背鍚冨己寰堝銆?br />
銆??杩欑鍨勬柇鐨勬儏褰㈠鐢ㄦ埛鐨勪激瀹宠嚜涓嶅繀璇达紝瀵圭櫨搴﹁嚜韬篃鏄煁涓嬩簡瀹氭椂鐐稿脊銆?br />
銆??鎼滅储涓嶅彲鑳芥槸浜掕仈缃戠殑缁堟瀬鐑偣锛屼簰鑱旂綉鐨勫彂灞曢?搴︿箣蹇紝鐢ㄤ竴鏃ュ崈閲屾潵褰㈠姣笉杩囧垎銆傚鏋滄湁鍙﹀涓?鏂瑰紡鎴栨笭閬撳悓鏍疯兘澶熷埌杈剧浉搴旂殑鍙椾紬锛岃揪鍒颁紶鎾殑鐩殑锛岀櫨搴︾殑鐢ㄦ埛鍙兘浼氶┈涓婅浆绉汇?

銆??姝ゅ锛屾笭閬撳線寰?煇绉嶇▼搴︿笂鎺屾彙鐫?鎴疯祫婧愶紝鑰屼笖鏄竴鎵瑰鎴疯祫婧愶紝涓?棪涓庡叾鍏崇郴鎼炲兊锛屾笭閬撲笉浠呬細甯︾潃瀹㈡埛绂诲紑锛岃繕浼氬奖鍝嶄竴鐗囥?灏ゅ叾浜掕仈缃戝箍鍛婄殑鎶曟斁瀛樺湪澶嶆潅鐨勬妧鏈棶棰橈紝娌℃湁娓犻亾浠g悊鐨勮В閲婄敋鑷抽儴鍒嗙殑鍞悗鏈嶅姟宸ヤ綔锛岀櫨搴﹀氨蹇呴』瑕佸缓绔嬩竴涓簽澶х殑鏈嶅姟闃熶紞鍜屽煿璁ぇ鍐涳紝鎵嶈兘鏁欎細骞舵湇鍔″ソ浼楀鐨勫箍鍛婂鎴凤紝灏ゅ叾鏄潪IT琛屼笟鐨勫箍鍛婃姇鏀捐?銆?br />
銆??涓氬唴浜哄+琛ㄧず锛氳繖绉嶅瀯鏂?鎴愮殑鎭跺姡褰卞搷瀵硅涓氱殑鍙戝睍涔熸槸闈炲父璐熼潰鐨勩?鏈潵閭d簺澶у箍鍛婁富閮借繕鍦ㄨ鏈涳紝鎴戜滑鏄涔堢殑甯屾湜浠栦滑鍙備笌杩涙潵鍔犻?琛屼笟鐨勫彂灞曪紝鍙垰鍒伴棬鍙o紝灏辩湅瑙佷竴缇や笉鎴愮啛鐨勨?瀛╁瓙鈥濆湪闄㈤噷鎵撴灦锛屼粬浠繕鏁㈣繄鑵胯繘鏉ヨ窡浣犱滑鎺哄拰鍚楋紵蹇冮噷闈㈡亹鎬曡繕鍢?挄锛屽垢浜忔病鎸囨湜浣犱滑锛屼笉鐒惰繕涓嶈浜嗘垜鐨勪拱鍗栥?






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Tuesday, September 14, 2010

Proficient will learn: Eclipse Shortcut Guide


Eclipse Shortcut Guide
This document from the Eclipse software order is to set out the standard shortcut keys, not listed in the Emacs shortcut.

Edit




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


Find and Replace


Ctrl + F

Text Editor


Find a


Ctrl + Shift + K

Text Editor


Find Next


Ctrl + K

Overall situation


Revocation


Ctrl + Z

Overall situation


Copy


Ctrl + C

Overall situation


Restoration of a choice


Alt + Shift + 鈫?br />
Overall situation


Shear


Ctrl + X

Overall situation


Quick correction


Ctrl1 +1

Overall situation


Content assist


Alt + /

Overall situation


Select all


Ctrl + A

Overall situation


Delete


Delete

Overall situation


Context information


Alt +?

Alt + Shift +?

Ctrl + Shift + Space

Java Editor


Show tooltip description


F2

Java Editor


Select Package elements


Alt + Shift + 鈫?br />
Java Editor


An element of choice


Alt + Shift + 鈫?br />
Java Editor


Select the next element


Alt + Shift + 鈫?br />
Text Editor


Incremental Find


Ctrl + J

Text Editor


Incremental Find Reverse


Ctrl + Shift + J

Overall situation


Paste


Ctrl + V

Overall situation


Redo


Ctrl + Y


View




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


Enlarge


Ctrl + =

Overall situation


Narrow


Ctrl + -


Window




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


Activate Editor


F12

Overall situation


Switch editor


Ctrl + Shift + W

Overall situation


A Editor


Ctrl + Shift + F6

Overall situation


A view


Ctrl + Shift + F7

Overall situation


A perspective


Ctrl + Shift + F8

Overall situation


Next Editor


Ctrl + F6

Overall situation


Next view


Ctrl + F7

Overall situation


The next perspective


Ctrl + F8

Text Editor


Show Ruler Context Menu


Ctrl + W

Overall situation


Show View Menu


Ctrl + F10

Overall situation


Display System Menu


Alt + -
Navigation




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Java Editor


Open Structure


Ctrl + F3

Overall situation


Open type


Ctrl + Shift + T

Overall situation


Open the type hierarchy


F4

Overall situation


Open statement


F3

Overall situation


Open external javadoc


Shift + F2

Overall situation


Open Resources


Ctrl + Shift + R

Overall situation


Back History


Alt + 鈫?br />
Overall situation


Forward history


Alt + 鈫?br />
Overall situation


A


Ctrl +,

Overall situation


Next


Ctrl +.

Java Editor


Show Outline


Ctrl + O

Overall situation


Open type in the hierarchy


Ctrl + Shift + H

Overall situation


Go to matching bracket


Ctrl + Shift + P

Overall situation


Go to last edit location


Ctrl + Q

Java Editor


Go on a member of the


Ctrl + Shift + 鈫?br />
Java Editor


Go to the next member


Ctrl + Shift + 鈫?br />
Text Editor


Go to line


Ctrl + L


Search




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


Appear in the document


Ctrl + Shift + U

Overall situation


Open the Search dialog box


Ctrl + H

Overall situation


Work area statement


Ctrl + G

Overall situation


Reference to the work area


Ctrl + Shift + G

[Next]




Text Editor




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Text Editor


Rewrite switch


Insert

Text Editor


The roll line


Ctrl + 鈫?br />
Text Editor


Roll down line


Ctrl + 鈫?br />

File




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


Save


Ctrl + X

Ctrl + S

Overall situation


Print


Ctrl + P

Overall situation


Close


Ctrl + F4

Overall situation


Save All


Ctrl + Shift + S

Overall situation


All closed


Ctrl + Shift + F4

Overall situation


Property


Alt + Enter

Overall situation


New


Ctrl + N


Project




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


All Construction


Ctrl + B
Source Code




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Java Editor


Format


Ctrl + Shift + F

Java Editor


Uncomment


Ctrl +
Java Editor


Note


Ctrl + /

Java Editor


Add Import


Ctrl + Shift + M

Java Editor


Organized into


Ctrl + Shift + O

Java Editor


Use try / catch block to surround


Is not set, too common, so listed here, it is recommended to set their own.
You can also use Ctrl +1 automatic correction.


Run




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


Step Back


F7

Overall situation


Step over


F6

Overall situation


Single-step jump


F5

Overall situation


Select single-step jump


Ctrl + F5

Overall situation


Debug last launched


F11

Overall situation


Continue


F8

Overall situation


Use filters to single-step


Shift + F5

Overall situation


Add / Remove breakpoint


Ctrl + Shift + B

Overall situation


Show


Ctrl + D

Overall situation


Run last start


Ctrl + F11

Overall situation


Run to line


Ctrl + R

Overall situation


Execution


Ctrl + U


Reconstruction




Scope


Function


Shortcuts

Overall situation


Revocation of Reconstruction


Alt + Shift + Z

Overall situation


Extraction Method


Alt + Shift + M

Overall situation


Extract local variable


Alt + Shift + L

Overall situation


Inline


Alt + Shift + I

Overall situation


Mobile


Alt + Shift + V

Overall situation


Rename


Alt + Shift + R

Overall situation


Redo


Alt + Shift + Y





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Thursday, July 29, 2010

OO, OO later, and the limit


1, What is software development?

Software development process is the use of various computer languages to the real world people are concerned about the process of mapping to the computer world;

Now the mathematical theory is based on computer by the computer's pedigree, the famous Turing proposed in 1937, Turing machine model. Then less than a decade, computer was born (1945). (Ainiyake)

We all know that it was one of the main tasks for the missile trajectory calculations. At that time software development (software development if you can call it) and now very different. In order to count a problem, there must first complete the personnel and other kinds of operations, Math as building block components take up as if for a title, then these parts should be unbundled, according to the new requirements to re-build, low efficiency (and now more than).

Modern computer architecture and the actual calculation model from von. Neumann thought. In 1946 he and his colleagues found that the Ainiyake defects, issued a report, presented a program into memory, sequential thinking so that when considered only when a Xinti taking to change the computer The program's "soft" approach.

British scientists Wilks von achieved. Neumann's ideas, leading development of the "Yikesake" technically 姣斿焹灏间簹鍏?came a big leap.

Therefore, it is often called the von computer. Neumann computer.

History of software development from the official start.

Early programmers used machine language to program operations; with the compiler technologies, people have designed many higher-level language; the language out of the complicated details of the machine language, closer to people's natural language, growing in popularity years. According to statistics, at least over the world thousands of high-level language, but from the perspective of computability, computing power they are equivalent to Turing machines. Have shown that a computer language, as long as Chuliao assignment also involves the sequential statements, conditional statements and loops, it's computing power that is equivalent to Turing machines. Here of course, exclude other technical factors, such as program length, number of variables and data accuracy.

Because the idea is the Turing machine is transformed into one step by step 鎸?rule execution machinery Qiujie process whereby various Jisuan Ji Ye Buguodushi Mouzhongxingshi language language, so the process of Shizhi Shang Jiu Shi Kai Fa software programmers are the problem Yu of the objective world formal process. Programmers to first create the problem model (formal), and then to the appropriate computer language expression, and finally entered into the computer in the calculation.
2 from PO (process-oriented) to OO (object oriented)

From the discussion of the previous section we know:

Software development process is the use of various computer languages to people concerned about the real world (problem domain) is mapped to the process of the computer world; the following diagram:

鈫?real-world problem domain modeling (using a modeling) 鈫?Programming (using a programming language) 鈫?Computer World Executive Solution

Before talking about OO, let us review the history of high-level language.

Some of the earliest high-level language was born in 1945, is the German translation of his Chu Z-4 Computer Design Plan Calcul, than the first electronic computer was early months; in the first computer to achieve a high-level language is U.S. Younifake company in 1952 successfully developed Short Code; and truly promote the use of which is still popular in the United States first high-level language of computer scientists Backus design, and in 1956 IBM's first computer FORTRAN language implementation.

Early high-level language is mainly used in scientific and engineering computing, FORTRAN and their representative works ALGOL60. Computer after entering the field of business and administration, appeared to facilitate the business community such as COBOL and RPG language. In recent years, such language and database technology, graphical interface technology (Visual Programming), object-oriented thinking and RAD (Rapid Application Devolopment) the concept of combining to form a group of more convenient use of the so-called fourth-generation language (4GL), such as Powerbuilder, Delphi, VB, etc..

The former group used a large-scale scientific and engineering calculations are relatively more basic language, and therefore more flexible and wider range of applications. In FORTRAN, BASIC (learning), the since the 70s, the module features more obvious, easy to use, reliability of the PASCAL meteoric rise, widespread in the world. But 80 years into the future, its status has gradually replaced a more practical C language. Now, C language has the equivalent status of a "high-level assembly language" of the.

Late 80's, began to surface of object-oriented languages, C + + using the C language with a large team of programmers, in one fell swoop established its dominance of object-oriented language. OO thinking to the formal rule of the entire software development industry. C + +, made popular even 80 years from the U.S. military began to vigorously support the Ada language and the promotion will not end in failure.

After 90 years, the computer is turned upside down the world changes, the original single platform for in WEB, "The Network Is The Computer", the new language only if the OO's, Visual, and even if the WEB-based. INTERNET Java language, by the east wind, turned out to night popular in the world, change the speed is breathtaking.

These changes, the surface is a different programming tools to changes in the city of the first King of the flag, but behind it is reflected in a more profound changes in epistemological, that is what your point of view to understand the world? In the PO, the programmers of the problem domain, get a PO model, in which common words are variables, functions, procedures, etc.;

PO: the real world 鈫?Flow (variable, function) 鈫?PO language 鈫?Executive Solution

In OO, the OO programmers to get a first model, in which common words are classes, objects, methods, news, etc.;

OO: the real world 鈫?class diagram (object, method) 鈫?OO language 鈫?Executive Solution

We can see that:

PO closer to the physical realization of the computer world; OO is more consistent in people's understanding of habit;

If the software crisis is rooted in the expression of people understanding the process of (constantly repeated, gradually deepening), and von. Neumann realization of the computer (the order of execution) there is a huge gap between, then from the PO to mean that this gap OO gradually reduced;

OO thinking and as a programming language for software development of the entire process - from analysis and design to coding - provides a complete solution. OO is a software development called milestone achieved great success, people were all applauded!

A reference to OO, we will think of C + +, smalltalk, simula, associate Use Case, ROSE, Mr Jacboson and Rational firms, but few people will Wittgenstein (Wittgenstein). However, it is the legendary philosopher, not only for the first time clearly expressed OO thinking, further referred to what happened afterwards OO, and the final limit lies.

In the current review of this fast-changing times and really thinking about the sage's thought, might enable us to more clearly, more clearly a long road ahead.

3 Wittgenstein (Wittgenstein) and OO

Wittgenstein is the history of philosophy in this century and even the human one of the greatest philosophers. Just before his death in 1922 he published a book - "Tractatus" (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus). In the book, he described a world view, or a kind of understanding of the world's point of view, this view, 67 years later, and finally precipitated by a philosophy to the technical level up, as the computer industry darling, this is the "OO", Object-Oriented, object-oriented or object-oriented (RTHK term).

Let us touch on something far away, (which may touch on really well the point), to talk about this man, talk about his "Tractatus," a book of OO thinking.

Interested in Western philosophy friends all know the history of philosophy in the West twice a profound shift occurred. The first was from the "ontology" to "epistemology" in turn; The other was from the "epistemological" to the "Methodology" turn.

Ancient Greek and Roman era philosophy, known as the "ontology" of the times, when philosophers are most concerned about is the origin of the world, namely what the world is composed? What is the nature of the world? Explore the world and so these fundamental issues. From Thales's "All Things are water" to the "four elements" that "atomism", to Plato's "absolute idea", are on this issue put forward their own views.

The impact of the Christian faith with power (Jewish tradition) and the secular forces of the political despotism (Roman tradition), the concept of God to make conclusive answer to this question, dissent will have life-threatening, that is so Bruno was burned to death. Of course, Christianity has made a number of outstanding philosophers, who inherited the Greek rational tradition, a mixture of biblical ideas, construct a magnificent Christian philosophy. Their representatives are Augustine and Thomas. Aquinas. Aquinas has proposed five ways to prove the existence of God (the Greek rational tradition).

After the Middle Ages, with the rise of the Renaissance, people began to get out from under the shadow of God, and found its own role, that human value. To Descartes "I think therefore I am" marked the beginning of philosophy by "ontology" to "epistemology" change; this period of philosophy concerned with understanding human problems specific to their focus on the different schools often鍒嗕负鈥滃敮鐞嗚鈥濆拰鈥滅粡楠岃鈥濓紝鍓嶈?娉ㄩ噸鐞嗚婕旂粠锛屼互绗涘崱灏旂瓑浜轰负浠h〃锛涘悗鑰呭垯娉ㄩ噸鎰熻鍜岀粡楠岋紝浠h〃浜虹墿鏄礇鍏嬶紝鍩规牴绛夈?

銆??绉戝鍏跺疄灏辨槸铻嶅悎浜嗏?鍞悊璁衡?鍜屸?缁忛獙璁衡?鐨勯暱澶勮?鍙戝睍澹ぇ鐨勩? 鏃㈠己璋冭瘯楠屽拰瑙傚療锛岃繍鐢ㄥ綊绾虫硶锛屼篃閲嶈鍒╃敤鏁板鍜岄?杈戜粠褰掔撼鐨勭粨鏋滃嚭鍙戯紝鏋勯?鐞嗚妗嗘灦锛屾紨缁庡嚭鏂扮殑绉戝瀹氱悊銆?br />
銆??鍒颁簡搴峰痉浠ュ悗锛屽挨鍏舵槸鏈笘绾垵锛屽摬瀛︾殑鏍稿績闂寮?鐢扁?璁よ瘑璁衡?杞悜鈥滄柟娉曡鈥濓紝鍝插鍏冲績鐨勬牳蹇冮棶棰樻槸璁よ瘑濡備綍瀹炵幇鐨勯棶棰樸?杩欎竴鏃舵湡锛屽摬瀛﹀浠紑濮嬭璇嗗埌璇█瀵逛簬浜虹殑璁よ瘑鐨勭壒娈婂湴浣嶏紝浠栦滑绾风悍浠庣爺绌惰瑷?嚭鍙戞潵鐮旂┒鍝插銆?鍏朵腑鐢氳嚦鏈変簺浜烘瀬绔殑璁や负浠ュ墠鐨勬墍鏈夊摬瀛﹂棶棰樹笉杩囨槸璇█鐨勯棶棰樿?宸层? 銆??鍝插鐨勮繖娆¤浆鍚戞湁鏃朵篃琚О涓烘槸鈥滆瑷?殑杞悜鈥?锛屾柊鐨勫摬瀛﹁鐐硅鍐犱互鈥滆瑷?摬瀛︹?鎴栤?鍒嗘瀽鍝插鈥濈殑鍚嶇О銆?br />
銆??鈥滆瑷?摬瀛︹? 鐨勫彂灞曠粡鍘嗕簡涓や釜闃舵锛屾垨鑰呰鍙互琚繘涓?鍒嗕负涓や釜瀛︽淳锛氣?閫昏緫鍒嗘瀽娲锯?鍜屸?鏃ュ父璇█娲锯?銆傜淮鐗硅窡鏂潶鐨勫紩浜虹灘鐩箣澶勫湪浜庯細浠栧湪鍓嶆湡鎸侀?杈戝垎鏋愮殑瑙傜偣锛屽悗鏈熷垯鎸佹棩甯歌瑷?殑瑙傜偣銆?br />
銆??鎬荤粨涓?笅涓婇潰璁鸿堪鐨勮鐐癸紝鐜板湪鎴戜滑鐭ラ亾:

銆??瑗挎柟鍝插鐨勫彂灞曪紝缁忓巻浜嗕袱娆″彉闈╋紝涓?鏄璇嗚杞悜锛涗竴娆℃槸璇█杞悜锛涚涓?杞悜浣垮摬瀛︾殑鍩虹浠庢湰浣撹鍜屽舰鑰屼笂瀛﹀彉涓鸿璇嗚锛屼粠鐮旂┒瓒呴獙鐨勫瓨鍦ㄧ墿杞埌鐮旂┒璁よ瘑鐨勪富浣撳拰涓诲浣撳叧绯伙紱绗簩娆¤浆鍚戞妸瀵逛富瀹綋鐨勫叧绯荤殑鐮旂┒鍙樻垚浜嗗涓讳綋闂寸殑浜ゆ祦鍜屼紶杈鹃棶棰樼殑鐮旂┒銆傛妸瀵逛富浣撶殑鐮旂┒浠庤蹇靛拰鎬濇兂鐨勯鍩熻浆鍒颁簡璇█鐨勯鍩?璇彞鍙婂叾鎰忎箟)锛涜繖涓ゆ杞悜鐨勪唬琛ㄤ汉鐗╁垎鍒槸绗涘崱灏斿拰缁寸壒璺熸柉鍧︺?
銆??涓嬮潰鏄淮鐗硅窡鏂潶(Wittgenstein)鐨勫皬浼犮?

銆??缁寸壒璺熸柉鍧?889骞寸敓浜庣淮涔熺撼銆?闈掑勾鏃舵湡鐨勬暀鑲查鍏堜娇浠栨垚涓轰竴鍚嶈埅绌轰笓涓氬伐绉戠爺绌剁敓锛?908-1911锛屾浖褰绘柉鐗广?23宀佹椂浠栧埌钁楀悕鐨勫墤妗ュぇ瀛﹀涔犲摬瀛︼紝鎴愪负缃楃礌鐨勫鐢熴?鎹缁寸壒璺熸柉鍧﹀綋鏃舵涓鸿嚜宸辨湭鏉ョ殑鍙戝睍鏂瑰悜鎰熷埌杩疯尗锛屽伐绉戣繕鏄摬瀛︼紵涓?ぉ鏅氫笂浠栧甫鐫?嚜宸辩殑涓?簺鎵嬬(鏉傛劅涔嬬被鐨勪笢瑗?鏉ユ壘缃楃礌锛岃缃楃礌璇讳竴涓嬶紝鐒跺悗鍒ゆ柇鑷繁鏄惁鏄鍝插鐨勬枡锛屽鏋滀笉琛岀殑璇濓紝灏卞噯澶囧嵎閾虹洊璧颁汉銆?缃楃礌鎷胯捣浠栫殑鎵嬬锛屽彧鐪嬩簡澶翠竴鍙ヨ瘽锛屽氨鍧氬喅鍦板浠栬锛屼綘涓嶅鍝插澶彲鎯滀簡涔嬬被鐨勮瘽銆?缁寸壒璺熸柉鍧﹁繖鎵嶅潥瀹氫簡鎶曡韩鍝插鐨勫喅蹇冦?

銆??鍦ㄧ涓?涓栫晫澶ф垬鏈熼棿(1914-1918)锛岀淮鐗硅窡鏂潶鍙傚姞濂ュ湴鍒╁啗闃燂紝鍚庢潵琚繕銆?姝f槸鍦ㄨ繖娈垫椂闂撮噷锛屼粬瀹屾垚浜嗚嚜宸辩殑鎴愬悕浣滐紝銆婇?杈戝摬瀛﹁銆?Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus)銆?璇ヤ功浜?922骞翠互鑻辨枃鍑虹増锛屾槸浠栫敓鍓嶅嚭鐗堢殑鍞竴鐨勪竴鏈憲浣溿?

銆??鍦ㄨ繖鏈功涓紝缁寸壒璺熸柉鍧﹂槓杩颁簡鑷繁鐨?amp;quot;閫昏緫鍘熷瓙璁?amp;quot;鐨勫摬瀛﹁鐐癸紝鎴愪负璇ュ娲剧殑浠h〃浜虹墿涔嬩竴銆?鍏朵粬钁楀悕鐨勨?閫昏緫鍘熷瓙涓讳箟鑰呪?鍖呮嫭缃楃礌锛屾?娴风壒锛屽紬闆锋牸绛夈?璇ヤ功鐨勫嚭鐗堝紑鍒涗簡鍝插鐮旂┒鐨勬柊鏂瑰悜銆?br />
銆??瀹屾垚杩欐湰涔﹀悗锛岀淮鐗硅窡鏂潶璁や负鑷繁宸茬粡瑙e喅浜嗘墍鏈夌殑鍝插闂锛屼簬鏄粬灏辩湡鐨勬斁寮冧簡鍝插锛屽厛鏄綔浜嗕竴涓姳鍖狅紝鍚庢潵浣滀簡涓?悕灏忓鏁欏笀銆?闇?璇存槑鐨勬槸锛屼粬瀹跺緢瀵屾湁锛屼絾浠栦富鍔ㄦ斁寮冧簡瀵瑰法棰濋仐浜х殑缁ф壙鏉冿紝鑷効杩囦竴绉嶆湸绱犵畝鍗曠殑鐢熸椿銆?br />
銆??澶х害10骞寸殑鏃堕棿锛岀淮鐗硅窡鏂潶鑴辩浜嗗摬瀛︾晫銆?浣嗗悗鏉ワ紝浠栧鑷繁鍦ㄣ?閫昏緫鍝插璁恒?涓〃杩扮殑鍝插鐨勫彲闈犳?浜х敓浜嗘繁娣辩殑鎬?枒銆備簬鏄紝鍦?929骞翠粬閲嶆柊杩斿洖鍓戞ˉ锛屾垚涓轰笁涓?闄㈢殑鑰佸笀銆?939 骞翠粬寰楀埌浜嗘暀鎺堢殑鑱岀О銆備絾鍦ㄧ浜屾涓栫晫澶ф垬鏈熼棿锛屼粬鍗翠互涓?悕鍖荤敓鐨勮韩浠戒负鍐涢槦鏈嶅姟銆?947骞寸淮鐗硅窡鏂潶浠庡墤妗ラ?浼戯紝瀹氬眳浜庣埍灏斿叞銆傝繖涓?椂鏈熶粬瀵瑰摬瀛︾殑鎬濊?褰㈡垚浜嗕粬鍚庢湡鐨勫摬瀛︽?鎯炽?1949骞翠粬鍘讳簡瓒熺編鍥斤紝褰撳勾鍥炴潵鏃朵笉骞歌韩鎮g檶鐥囷紝1951骞村湪鐗涙触涓庝笘闀胯緸銆?br />
銆??姝诲悗锛屼粬鍚庢湡鐨勬?鑰冭鏁寸悊鍑虹増锛屻?鍝插鐮旂┒銆?Philosophical Investigations)锛屻?鍏充簬纭畾鎬с?(On Certainty) 绛夌瓑锛屽紑鍒涗簡璇█鍝插鐮旂┒鐨勫彟涓?釜鏂扮殑鏂瑰悜銆?br />
銆??浠ヤ笂鎴戠綏閲岀綏鍞嗭紝涓昏鏄粙缁嶄簡缁寸壒璺熸柉鍧﹀湪鍝插鍙蹭笂鐨勫湴浣嶏紝鍙婂叾棰囧叿浼犲鑹插僵鐨勪竴鐢熴?鍏翠箣鎵?嚦锛岃澶у瑙佽皡銆?br />
銆??涓嬮潰鎴戜滑杩涘叆涓婚锛岃皥涓?皥銆婇?杈戝摬瀛﹁銆?鍙婂叾涓〃杩扮殑OO鎬濇兂銆?br />
4. OO after that?

First, the history of software engineering perspective

1969 NATO meeting, the "software crisis" has become the focus of attention. To meet the challenges of software crisis, people have made unremitting efforts. These efforts generally along the two directions simultaneously. First, from a management point of view, hope for software engineering development process. The most famous results in this regard is the proposal we are familiar with the "waterfall" life cycle model. It is the end of the 60s "software crisis" after the first life cycle model. As follows.

Analysis 鈫?design 鈫?code 鈫?Test 鈫?Maintenance

Later, it was for the model, we propose a rapid prototyping, spiral model, fountain models of the "waterfall" life cycle model is added. Now, they practice in software development is widely used.

These efforts, but also to create awareness of the standards and the development of the document between the developer and the means of communication between users of the importance. Some important document format standards are finalized, including variables, symbols, naming rules and norms of the original code format.

It is worth mentioning that in the developer between the developer and the means of communication between users in this regard, since the emergence of Internet provides a new means of communication, but also created a new Internet-based development way, that is OSS (Open Source Software). The representative works of Linux (operating system), Apeche (web server), Sendmail (Mail server) and so on. OSS is a very promising way of developing the tide of development by the Internet, it will inevitably produce the entire software development model is difficult to gauge the impact. The recent special issue of IEEE Software Engineering will feature plays out a special issue. January 1999 will be held on the Linux / OSS in the international seminar. Various computer companies have to react, Microsoft is aware of the tremendous threat from the OSS, presented at the end of August an internal confidential document, specifically put forward their own coping strategies, can be called Rain Comes from Wind . All interested parties had an interest.

Software engineering, the second direction of development, focusing on software development and analysis, design research methods. This is the first important result of the rage in the 70 years of structured development methods, that PO (process-oriented method of development or structure of words). PO is the people using computers in the world to express the real world, the pursuit of the process, then, modular, encapsulated, and more abstract results. People use computers to map real world, the lowest level of implementation is simply generated by digital circuit technology high and low signal. Expressed in mathematical language is a binary string such as 010101000010111. This is a very low level of abstraction, from a natural language, most people can not understand. One block of these binary string definition proposed byte, ASCII, so the concept of a higher level of abstraction, so that corresponds to the natural language of a letter. On the basis of re-using some form of language, abstract variables, expressions, operators, statements and so on. At this level, generally trained programmers have been less pain can be compared to the software developed. Next abstract arises PO. In the PO, the people's attention is how to function and process to achieve real-world simulation, will be mapped to the computer's world. OO this is the increasing level of abstraction of the natural process of development results, it uses the concept of classes and objects, the variable and the variable operation functions and procedures package together, with this higher level of abstraction to express the objective the world. Typically, an object contains properties and methods, which corresponds to natural language in a meaningful term to describe the real world an object (physical entity) or concepts (abstract entities). This level of abstraction as shown below:

Level of abstraction in the computer world

* XO (X?-Oriented) the highest level of abstraction
* OO (object, class)
* PO (procedures, functions, variables)
* Variables, operators, expressions, statements
* Bytes (4, 8, 16, 32, 64)
* Binary string 0101011110001 lowest level of abstraction

From the graph, and the above discussion we know that the history of software engineering is that people continue to pursue higher level of abstraction, encapsulation and modularity of history. OO certainly not the end of history. Although not precisely what followed by OO, at least we can infer, OO after the XO, will inevitably be a higher level of abstraction than the OO. It must rely on the core concepts and inclusive than the concept of the object. As the object above and inclusive of the function and variable.

Second, from Wittgenstein, "Tractatus," a book of thought view

Before we know, Wittgenstein "Tractatus," a book put forward the following ideas:

* The world can be divided into facts (The world divides into facts.)
* The fact is that the atomic facts (atomic facts) composition.
* An atomic fact is that more than one object (objects) combination.
* Object is a simple (basic) The Object is simple.
* Objects forming the basis of the world.

Namely: the fact that the world --- ---- ---- atomic fact objects a whole to local, from the abstract to the concrete understanding of the chain. At this level, the object as a basic module, constitute the entire understanding of the cornerstone of the building. Objects through the association between the complex constitute the entire world. This view is also the cornerstone of object-oriented theory. The period of our analysis of the world through computer draw, OO, after development, will produce a higher level of abstraction than the OO concepts for programming. According to Wittgenstein's ideas can be very naturally to the conclusion: this concept is the fact (FACT). Object-oriented after the fact-oriented, OO followed FO (Fact-Oriented). So, what is a fact (fact)? Let us again remind ourselves of Wittgenstein's point of view.

First of all, the world is the sum of all the facts. The world can be broken down as a fact. Any fact or is true or not true. (That fact should return a Boolean variable, or TRUE, or FALSE)
Secondly, the fact that those who really are the atomic facts (atomic facts) composition.
Atomic facts and the relationship between simple objects like this: an atomic fact is that more than one object (object) combinations. In atomic facts, objects connected in some way identified. Atomic facts in a way to interconnect the fact that the structure of atoms. In other words, the fact is the structure of atoms, this structure is Wittgenstein as a real-world model (form).

Here, Wittgenstein put forward several important concepts: the facts (fact), atomic facts (atomic fact) and mode (form).

If the above reasoning is correct, we will come to the conclusion: object-oriented (OO) is for after the fact (FO), fact-oriented (FO) analysis, design and programming, we will mainly focus on facts (fact), atomic facts (atomic fact) and mode (form) of these basic concepts to organize our software development activities. In recognition of the hierarchy of the world, these concepts than the object (object) and class (class) a higher level of abstraction.

5. The final limit

If, after OO FO, then of course we have to ask, FO after what? Later on Which? Is there a final limit? If so, what limits? This is a very difficult question, but let us continue to think and see what results can be, even though it may be very stupid and naive.

We know that software is essentially a computer programming language for the people to bridge the world of objective perception to the world map on the computer to solve the people in the world of objective perception problem to be solved.杩欓噷鐗垫秹涓変釜涓昏鐨勮寖鐣达細 銆??瀹㈣鎰熺煡涓栫晫--------璁$畻鏈虹紪绋嬭瑷?---------璁$畻鏈轰笘鐣?br />
(1) Computer World

In the computer world, it is conceivable that the unit area can be integrated on a chip always have a maximum number of transistors, Moore's Law to fail sooner or later. In addition, most computers are now used by Feng. Neumann architecture also needs to be a breakthrough. (Such as parallel computing research)

(2) computer programming language

Now the computer programming language, is some type of formal language. To solve a problem, we must first construct algorithms for it. That is, there is no algorithm for the problem, we are helpless. Such issues are as is "incalculable." Their solution can not by the Turing machine to produce. This is a limit we face.

With the algorithm as a problem, is not what will be resolved? Unfortunately, the answer is no. For NP (non polynomial) problems, especially NP complete problem, despite the algorithm, we are still unable to solve in polynomial time. The famous "Hamiltonian circuit problem" and the "traveling salesman problem" are all these problems.瀹冧滑鐨勫叡鍚岀壒寰佹槸锛屽綋闂鐨勮妯★紙鎴栧鏉傚害锛夌嚎褰㈠鍔犳椂锛岃В鍐宠闂鎵?鍖栫殑鏃堕棿灏嗗憟鎸囨暟涓婂崌锛屼互鑷充簬瀹冧滑灏界鐞嗚涓婃槸鍙眰瑙g殑锛屼絾瀹為檯涓婂嵈鏄笉鍙兘鐨勩?鍥犱负瑕佽姳璐圭殑鏃堕棿鍙兘宸茬粡瓒呰繃浜嗗畤瀹欑殑瀵垮懡銆傝繖涔熸槸鎴戜滑闈复鐨勪竴涓瀬闄愩?

銆??杩橀渶瑕佹寚鍑猴紝鐜板湪鐨勮绠楁満璇█浣滀负褰㈠紡璇█鐨勪竴绉嶏紝涔熷繀鐒跺叿鏈夊舰寮忚瑷?嚜韬墍鏈夌殑灞?檺鎬с?鏁板鐨勫彂灞曞彶涓婏紝鏇剧粡鏈変笁娆″嵄鏈猴紝绗笁娆″嵄鏈烘槸鏈夌綏绱犵殑涓?釜鈥滀蒋璋?寮曞彂鐨勬倴璁哄嵄鏈恒?涓鸿В鍐虫鍗辨満锛屽笇灏斾集鐗规彁鍑轰簡瀹忎紵鐨勫舰寮忓寲瑙勫垝锛屼紒鍥句娇鏁板涓?姵姘搁?鍦板浜庢棤鍙簤杈╃殑瀹夊叏鍩虹涔嬩笂銆傚彲鏄紝1931骞村ゥ鍦板埄25宀佺殑澶╂墠鏁板閫昏緫瀛﹀姝屽痉灏旀彁鍑轰簡涓?潯鍒掓椂浠g殑瀹氱悊锛岀矇纰庝簡甯屽皵浼壒褰㈠紡鍖栫殑缇庢ⅵ銆傚摜寰峰皵瀹氱悊鍚戞垜浠睍绀猴紝鍏悊绯荤粺鏈韩鐨勫崗璋冩?鐨勯檲杩板湪琚紪鐮佹垚閫傚綋鐨勭畻鏈懡棰樺悗锛屽皢鎴愪负涓?亾杩欐牱鈥滀笉鑳藉喅瀹氱殑鈥濅笉鑳藉喅瀹氱殑鍛介銆傛兂璞′竴涓〃杈惧紡鏃笉涓虹湡锛屼篃涓嶄负鍋囷紝瀹冪殑鐪熷亣瀵逛竴涓舰寮忕郴缁燂紙璁$畻鏈猴級鑰岃█瀹冩槸涓嶅彲鍒ゅ畾鐨勩?鍥犳鍦ㄨ繖鏂归潰锛屽摜寰峰皵瀹氱悊鏄垜浠潰涓寸殑鍙堜竴涓瀬闄愩?

(3)瀹㈣鎰熺煡涓栫晫

銆??鐜板湪璁╂垜浠亣璁捐蒋浠跺伐绋嬪凡缁忓彂灞曞埌浜嗚繖鏍蜂竴涓悊鎯崇殑澧冪晫锛屾湁涓?ぉ鎴戜滑瀹炵幇浜嗚嚜鐒惰瑷?紪绋嬶紝鏄惁灏变竾浜嬪ぇ鍚変簡锛熸崲鍙ヨ瘽锛岃嚜鐒惰瑷?槸鍚﹁兘寰堝ソ鍦版弿杩般?琛ㄨ揪瀹㈣鎰熺煡涓栫晫锛?銆??缁寸壒鏍规柉鍧﹀湪銆婇?杈戝摬瀛﹁銆嬮噷宸茬粡鎸囧嚭浜嗐?

銆??锛婁笘鐣岀殑鎰忎箟蹇呭畾瀛樺湪浜庝笘鐣屼箣澶栵紱
銆??锛婃樉鐒朵鸡鐞嗗鏄棤娉曡〃杩扮殑銆?浼︾悊瀛︽槸瓒呰秺鐜板疄鐨勶紱
銆??锛婂疄闄呬笂瀛樺湪鐫?笉鍙〃杈剧殑涓滆タ锛涜繖鏄剧ず浜嗗畠鐨勫瓨鍦紱瀹冩槸绁炵鐨勩?
銆??锛堣銆婇?杈戝摬瀛﹁銆嬬鍏妭锛?br />
銆??涔熷氨鏄锛屽閮ㄤ笘鐣屼腑瀛樺湪涓?簺鎴戜滑鍙互鎰熺煡鍗存棤娉曠敤璇█鏉ヨ〃杈剧殑涓滆タ銆?銆??浠栨帴鐫?锛?br />銆??鈥滃浜庨偅浜涗笉鍙█璇寸殑锛屽繀椤讳繚鎸佹矇榛樸?鈥濓紙Whereof one cannot speak锛宼hereof one must be silent锛?br />
銆??杩欏彞璇濓紝鎴愪负鎴戜滑鏈?悗鐨勬瀬闄愩?

銆??鍦ㄨ璁哄畬杩欎笁涓寖鐣翠腑鎴戜滑灏嗛潰涓寸殑涓昏闂鍚庯紝鎴戜滑鏈?悗鏉ヨ璁轰竴涓嬩汉鐨勪富瑙備笘鐣屽杞欢鍙婅蒋浠跺紑鍙戠殑褰卞搷銆?br />
6. 鏋侀檺涔嬪鐨勭┖闂?br />
銆??涓栫晫鍙互鍒嗕负涓昏鎯宠薄涓栫晫鍜屽瑙傚彲鎰熺煡涓栫晫锛屾垨鑰呰鏄唴涓栫晫鍜屽涓栫晫銆傚叾涓紝涓昏鎯宠薄涓栫晫鏄绠楁満浠庢湭娑夎冻鐨勭┖闂淬?杩欐槸灞炰簬鎴戜滑涓汉鐨勭鏈夌┖闂达紝鍏呮枼鐫?垜浠嚜宸辩濂囧彜鎬殑骞绘兂鍜岃捣浼忎笉瀹氱殑鎯呯华銆傚畠鍏锋湁鏋佸ぇ鐨勮烦璺冩?鍜屼笉纭畾鎬э紝甯稿父浠ョ洿瑙夈?鎯宠薄鐨勬柟寮忚繘琛岀潃鑷繁鐨勬椿鍔ㄣ?瀹冧滑閫氬父鏄瑷?墍涓嶈兘琛ㄨ揪鐨勩?

銆??灏界杩欎釜鍐呬笘鐣屾槸濡傛鐨勫鏉傘?娣蜂贡銆侀毦浠ユ崏鎽革紝浣嗗畠鍗存槸鎴戜滑涓庣敓淇辨潵鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎銆?銆??鎴戜滑灏辨槸杩欐牱鐨勪汉銆?br />
銆??灏辨槸杩欐牱鐨勪汉浠庝簨鐫?蒋浠跺紑鍙戠殑宸ヤ綔銆?br />
銆??杩欐牱鐨勪汉寮?彂鍑烘潵鐨勮蒋浠剁┒绔熷湪澶氬ぇ绋嬪害涓婃槸瀵瑰瑙備笘鐣屼笉鎶樹笉鎵g殑鏄犲皠锛熻繕鏄繖涓槧灏勮繃绋嬪凡缁忚鎵洸鎴栨幒鏉備簡锛熻蒋浠跺紑鍙戣?鐨勮繖涓富瑙傛兂璞′笘鐣岋紝浠栦滑鐨勬涔愩?娌抚銆佸鎯炽?鎭愭儳銆佸笇鏈涚瓑绛夛紝绌剁珶鏄?鏍峰奖鍝嶇潃杞欢寮?彂鐨勮川閲忥紵

銆??浜轰滑鏄鐢ㄨ绠楁満鏉ュ鍒舵暣涓笘鐣岋紵杩樻槸鏉ュ鍒朵汉鏈韩锛?br />銆??浜轰滑鏄湪鎵紨涓婂笣鐨勮鑹插悧锛?銆??杩欐牱鐨勯棶棰樻垜瀹炲湪涓嶇煡璇ュ浣曞幓瑙g瓟锛岀敋鑷宠寰楁牴鏈棤浠庝笅鎵嬨?

銆??濡傛灉浣犺繕鏈夎冻澶熺殑鑰愬績璇诲埌杩欓噷锛岃浣犱篃鏉ユ兂涓?兂锛屽笇鏈涘畠浠笉浼氫娇浣犲ご鐤笺? 銆??:)

銆??鏈?悗锛屾垜灏嗗紩鐢ㄦ垜浠庣綉涓婂伓灏斿彂鐜扮殑涓?瘒鏂囩珷涓殑璇濅綔涓虹粨鏉熻锛?br />
銆??鈥滆嚜浠ヤ负鏄殑绔嬫硶鑰?浜虹被)鐘笅浜嗕竴涓ぇ閿欙紝浠ヤ负鑷繁鑳藉畾涔夋暣涓蒋浠跺紑鍙戣繃绋嬨?浠栦滑鏃笉浜嗚В鍏跺紑濮嬩篃涓嶄簡瑙e叾缁撴灉銆傚鏈晫璇曚簡涓?笅锛岀劧鍚庡氨鐭ラ毦鑰岄?浜嗐?鍟嗕笟鐣屽垯瀵瑰叾姣棤鍔炴硶銆傚ぇ鍨嬭蒋浠跺紑鍙戝晢浠枼宸ㄨ祫鏉ュ埗閫犱唬鐮侊紝鏄庢槑鎯宠鎵紨涓婂笣鐨勮鑹诧紝鍗磋繕瑁呬綔鑷繁鏄汉绫荤殑鍏粏銆傛墍鏈変汉閮藉湪鐩潃闀滃瓙閲岀殑鑷繁銆傝绠楁満鍗村湪涓?梺鍋峰伔鐨勭瑧銆傗?






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Tuesday, July 20, 2010

Schedule of the three 3G operators



China Mobile

28 cities by the end of March to complete the integration of network transformation; plans in June to complete the second phase of TD-SCDMA network construction will be completed ahead of schedule; the end of October in 238 cities to provide TD-SCDMA services; to 2011, China Mobile 3G service will cover in all cities, three years into the world's largest 3G network; 3G investment this year: 588 billion for 3G, the new base station 60000.

China Telecom

According to the plan, in March this year in 100 cities to provide 3G services; in July this year, all cities above county level official launch of 3G services; investment funds: more than 50 billion.

China Unicom

The first half of this year will be launched in 55 cities nationwide 3G services by the end of the expansion to 282 cities. Investment amount: 2009 and 2010 WCDMA construction fund plans to invest 100 billion yuan, about 60 billion yuan in 2009.







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